Friday, November 29, 2019

The Fall of the Roman Empire Could Be Linked To Ma Essay Example For Students

The Fall of the Roman Empire Could Be Linked To Ma Essay ny Different Aspects: Army,Citizens, BarbarianismPersonally I think that all these reasons are linked and headed by thedecline of the Roman emperor. The deficient Emperor role led to the lackingmilitary response to invasions,civil war and peasant uprisings. ROMAN EMPIRE AND ITS EMPEROREver since the adoptive system which was installed by Marcus Aureliuswas never reinstalled after his death,effective leadership in governing Rome waslacking. It was clearly visible that the Roman Emperor was the backbone of Romanstability and therefore the strength of the Roman army was also crucial inensuing the empires stability. But this stability was drastically altered whencorruption and necessary errors were committed. ECONOMIC, BARBARIAN AND MILITARY PROBLEMSThe Roman Empire was plunged into military anarchy and raided bybarbarous Germanic tribes causing a major burden from an economic standpoint. We will write a custom essay on The Fall of the Roman Empire Could Be Linked To Ma specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Emperors, feeling pressure from all directions, resorted to manners whichdepleted army and citizen moral. The personal dreams of empirical leaders wasnever capable of re-stabilizing the Empire after the invasions. For instance,Constantine created a substantial field force where he recruited many regimentsfrom Germany. He greatly increased the German generals (1). Aurelius alsointroduced the German element into the Empire. He established a precedent forsettling Germanic peoples, barbarians to the Romans, in Roman territory to trysecure peace(2). He felt the only way to preserve the Empire was to host allthose who wished to live within its territory. These German units under Roman commanders did not easily fall to thetraditional Roman discipline and command. The reluctance to submit to Roman ruleallowed Rome to lose the tactical superiority that it once had and enjoyed overthe German barbarians. This loss of tactical supremacy destroyed the elite,disregarding their once owned power and thus causing change on top of the RomanEmpire elite. According to Andre Piganiol,The destruction of the elite handedover power to a new oligarchy of the newly wealthy and of high officials whocame from barbarous elements of the population(3). Piganiol continues to statethatconquered nationalities had in no way lost consciousness of their originand many were the means of resistance to the unifying will of Rome(4)Economically wise, the war against the Germans led to terrible financialburdens on the Empire. To obtain funds for the military, emperors confiscatedgoods, exacted forced labor, and debased the coinage by minting more currencywithout an incr ease in the supply of precious metal.(5) Through this thecitizens withdrew their loyalty to Rome which deeply affected the middle class. In the Piganiol essay, Piganiol clearly emphasis the fact that the Roman statewent bankrupt in the third century because it was incapable of continuing to payits officials and it was incapable of paying its armies without recourse toconfiscations,monetary falsifications requisition in kind, unpaid services.(6)Another major move the emperor and his empire introduced the citizens ofRome involved the citizenship issue. In approximately 212 AD, recruits had beenpicked from among provincials, who were attracted by the promise of freecitizenship and its advantages. With citizenship no longer necessary forenlistment, the poor, weak class of the empire were drawn to the army because ofthe weapons and artillery(7). Personally I think that the major reasons whyloser class societies were drawn to the artillery aspect of the army was so theycould steal the empires wealth. This behavior would probably lead to thedestruction of Roman cities, and destruction of farmlands and economic trade. .u53925747c5b4e34b1175a5f08813a7b3 , .u53925747c5b4e34b1175a5f08813a7b3 .postImageUrl , .u53925747c5b4e34b1175a5f08813a7b3 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u53925747c5b4e34b1175a5f08813a7b3 , .u53925747c5b4e34b1175a5f08813a7b3:hover , .u53925747c5b4e34b1175a5f08813a7b3:visited , .u53925747c5b4e34b1175a5f08813a7b3:active { border:0!important; } .u53925747c5b4e34b1175a5f08813a7b3 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u53925747c5b4e34b1175a5f08813a7b3 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u53925747c5b4e34b1175a5f08813a7b3:active , .u53925747c5b4e34b1175a5f08813a7b3:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u53925747c5b4e34b1175a5f08813a7b3 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u53925747c5b4e34b1175a5f08813a7b3 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u53925747c5b4e34b1175a5f08813a7b3 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u53925747c5b4e34b1175a5f08813a7b3 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u53925747c5b4e34b1175a5f08813a7b3:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u53925747c5b4e34b1175a5f08813a7b3 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u53925747c5b4e34b1175a5f08813a7b3 .u53925747c5b4e34b1175a5f08813a7b3-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u53925747c5b4e34b1175a5f08813a7b3:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Essay on The Life of Jeannette in The Glass Castle EssayCivil war also played a negative role in the Fall of the Roman Empire. This was made possible when emperors became afraid of their own troops and thepossible rebellion against them. Therefore the emperors to remain on theirthrone were sometimes obliged to buy the emperor powers from soldiers and othermilitia men. The lack of conventional loyalty and honor towards the emperor ledto a character change in the Roman soldier. ROMAN SOLDIERS BEFORE AND AFTERBefore the Civil War the Roman soldier was considered as probably thegreatest fighting force in all of the Western World. During the Pax Romana period, the Roman soldier used his superiororganization and training to conquer nations. He was extremely disciplined andprofessional. He and his army were literally the wall which protected Rome. Their fighting willpower would allow them to remain on the battlefield no matterwhat and how long battles were needed for victory. They would join the army atthe age of eighteen. Their recruitment was localized and usually hereditary. They were not allowed to marry while on service. Their employment includedpolice duties, checking and rounding up local raiders.(8) The army had twopurposes, first to fight wars of conquest and satisfy the emperors desires forglory, booty, and expanded territory. Second, to suppress the unrest in outlyingprovinces.(9)But all this seemed to be changing later on in the empire with theemperors change in attitude and the allowing of barbarous German tribes into thearmy. Emperors resorted first to the population of the barbarous regions of theempire regions, then to foreign barbarians. In the reserve army, the highestregarded men were the barbarians units. These officers occupied the highestranks up to that of master of the militia. With all the favoritism toward theGerman unit the Roman soldiers began to feel inferior and secondary in theirrole of defending the empire. The military commanders began to use theirmilitary troops to cease the thrown and its governing power. They began neglec ting its duty of defending its borders and disrupted the eternal life ofthe Empire.(10)Although they continued to fight in well framed units, their overallwill to train and discipline required for fighting was almost unnoticeable. Emperors continued to play a negative role in the allotment of foreigners totake control. In Piganiols essay he mentions that the, emperors disarmed thecitizens and trusted the defense of the empire to mercenaries.(11) Valens was aclear example of the corruption in the higher class of the empire. He was activein suppressing the lives of officers, whereby he defrauded men of their portions,clothes and military equipment. Favoritism towards the barbarian units of the army, corruption towardsthe state and its people, gives ample reason why such a revolt in the Romanarmy occurred. Towards the end of the empire the Roman armys qualitiesdeteriorated. The legions failed to defend borders, the army began to consistpredominately of the peasants (citizenship issue). The change in the soldiersattitude explains in the lack of loyalty to Rome and the lack of leadership inmilitary leaders. In conclusion, the Roman army defeated itself. It began as a powerhousebut by some uncontrollable and ignorant errors it collapsed. It was violatedinternally by the emperors and their soldiers and externally by the barbaroustribes. The lack of soldier loyalty to Rome, began with the lack of Rome loyaltytowards soldiers. By allowing citizenship to almost anyone it negated theimportance the higher class society had in Rome. Almost anyone could be a Romansoldier, almost anyone could have access to arms and almost anyone could usethese arms in their favor. The allowance of the German entrance in the armyintroduced doubt in the mind of the veteran soldiers. Therefore, Rome hurtitself. One does not know if it could have continued its dominance, but onecould clearly say that its dominance brought its disappearance. .uae4d3d8e083ce4fa5977536b28d90a76 , .uae4d3d8e083ce4fa5977536b28d90a76 .postImageUrl , .uae4d3d8e083ce4fa5977536b28d90a76 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uae4d3d8e083ce4fa5977536b28d90a76 , .uae4d3d8e083ce4fa5977536b28d90a76:hover , .uae4d3d8e083ce4fa5977536b28d90a76:visited , .uae4d3d8e083ce4fa5977536b28d90a76:active { border:0!important; } .uae4d3d8e083ce4fa5977536b28d90a76 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uae4d3d8e083ce4fa5977536b28d90a76 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uae4d3d8e083ce4fa5977536b28d90a76:active , .uae4d3d8e083ce4fa5977536b28d90a76:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uae4d3d8e083ce4fa5977536b28d90a76 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uae4d3d8e083ce4fa5977536b28d90a76 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uae4d3d8e083ce4fa5977536b28d90a76 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uae4d3d8e083ce4fa5977536b28d90a76 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uae4d3d8e083ce4fa5977536b28d90a76:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uae4d3d8e083ce4fa5977536b28d90a76 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uae4d3d8e083ce4fa5977536b28d90a76 .uae4d3d8e083ce4fa5977536b28d90a76-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uae4d3d8e083ce4fa5977536b28d90a76:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Teen Suicide EssayEND NOTES1) Lynn Hunt, Thomas Martin, Barbara Rosenwein, R.Hsia, and Bonnie Smith. TheChallenge of the West: Peoples and Cultures from Stone Age to 1740. Toronto: D.C. Health and Company, 1995. 2) Ibid3) Piganiol, Andre. The Causes of the Ruin of the Roman Empire. Decline andFall of the Roman Empire: Why did it Collapse ?: Donald Kagan. ED. Donald Kagan. Massachusettes: D.C. Health and Company, 1962, p.87. 4) Ibid, p.875) Marvin Perry, Myrna Chase, James Jacob, Margaret Jacob, Theodore Von Laue. Western Civilization: Ideas, Politics ; Society. Boston: Houghton MifflnCompany, 1996. 6) Piganiol, Andre. The Causes of the Ruin of the Roman Empire. Decline andFall of the Roman Empire: Why did it Collapse ?: Donald Kagan. ED. Donald Kagan. Massachusettes: D.C. Health and Company, 1962, p.88. 7) Marvin Perry, Myrna Chase, James Jacob, Margaret Jacob, Theodore Von Laue. Western Civilization: Ideas, Politics ; Society. Boston: Houghton MifflnCompany, 1996. 8) Jones, A.H.M. A General History of Europe: The Decline of the Ancient World. London: Longman Group Ltd. 19669) Lynn Hunt, Thomas Martin, Barbara Rosenwein, R.Hsia, and Bonnie Smith. TheChallenge of the West: Peoples and Cultures from Stone Age to 1740. Toronto: D.C. Health and Company, 1995. 10) Marvin Perry, Myrna Chase, James Jacob, Margaret Jacob, Theodore Von Laue. Western Civilization: Ideas, Politics ; Society. Boston: Houghton MifflnCompany, 199611) Piganiol, Andre. The Causes of the Ruin of the Roman Empire. Decline andFall of the Roman Empire: Why did it Collapse ?: Donald Kagan. ED. Donald Kagan. Massachusettes: D.C. Health and Company, 1962, p.88. BIBLIOGRAPHYJones, A.H.M. A General History of Europe: The Decline of the Ancient World. London: Longman Group Ltd. 1966Lynn Hunt, Thomas Martin, Barbara Rosenwein, R.Hsia, and Bonnie Smith. TheChallenge of the West: Peoples and Cultures from Stone Age to 1740. Toronto: D.C. Health and Company, 1995. Marvin Perry, Myrna Chase, James Jacob, Margaret Jacob, Theodore Von Laue. Western Civilization: Ideas, Politics ; Society. Boston: Houghton MifflnCompany, 1996. Piganiol, Andre. The Causes of the Ruin of the Roman Empire. Decline and Fallof the Roman Empire: Why did it Collapse ?: Donald Kagan. ED. Donald Kagan. Massachusettes: D.C. Health and Company, 1962. Category: History

Monday, November 25, 2019

Socially Just Whack! (SJW) Professor Ramos Blog

Socially Just Whack! (SJW) So there is a ongoing group of people in our online-society that really gives the human race a bad name, a bad image and a bad reputation. These so called â€Å"activist† are called Social Justice Warriors, and they go out into the worlds of Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Yelp and so on to put down the big   name trolls and get the social world back into order! But the problem is that when these warriors go into a battle unprepared, they tend to get slaughtered by the troll and it just looks like batman getting his back broken by his nemesis Bane but then getting his neck snapped and it’s all over, roll credits. If a group of people are going to do this at least know what consequences people like vigilanties face on a day to day basis which can lead to death threats, harmful acts, stabbings, shootings, innocent bystanders getting shot and killed themselves, rape, pillaging, genocide. But them knowing that probably would make them want to do it more since they are proba bly kids who are disobedient to their parents and when their parents say not to do something, they do it anyways. So what is a solution to ending these SJW’s and their crazy logic? Well I have a couple of ways that are amazing and one ridiculous way of doing things that’s also effective. So the first way off getting rid of the social dipshit warriors is to make them own up to their own words and make them have the title â€Å"warrior† added to their name and the same with the pussy-ass troll that wants to stir the pot and make controversy out of nothing for no reason, so they should fight like warriors and commanders and fight to the death in am arena they chose. These SJW’s promise warfare against these trolls and sometimes use methods such as swatting where a person calls a bomb squad to a person’s house or send malicious ware to open in a chat room or text message. So if its the warfare they want why can’t they agree to fight to the death? Why do they have to make the internet society so conflicting towards others who really don’t care about their useless banter back and forth. Why just let them argue when they can fight it out and to the death then the winner standing was the right one? That’s what we did in the old days and kinda still do now but with more subtle features. Next method is a more reasonable one, why don’t they consider their group as a political standing group and just pay taxes for their property of meet up and for having this group established? You know why? Because they won’t like to pay taxes when what they were doing before was just using their freedom of speech instead of making a conscious decision and saying this is what we believe in and we agree that our movement is helping the world so much we can pay for taxes like theses to not only help people in need in the internet but also around the real world. You’ll never hear that coming from any SJW-tard that only thinks about their own beliefs that are affected by the world. When you’re running with a one time line about something that you think should be corrected, then yeah use your god given right and use that first amendment, but if you are just going on every page and correcting what you think is politically incorrect, sorry for harsh words but get a life, stop being a piece of shit or kill yourself. That’s bitter and petty and the human race is way more respectable than that. So pay taxes and become a known group instead of a random person’s belief of nothing but try and do they right thing . My last sentence to get rid of this problem is to get a person of higher knowledge (like a Harvard graduate or Sefferino Ramos) to have the final decision towards the arguments. So when a dispute arises, there is a button that either one of the three parties in the discussion (the troll, the SJW, or someone just reading a comment) can click this button to call either one person who is qualified to be a final decision maker and he comes in to settle the argument once and for all. So the thread would stop and no further comments but the three parties will be posted while the outsiders can look in and see how the dispute is going. Now once the third party enters, there will be a wage that is placed upon their belief, any wage of choice, and the decider that is going to decide will lawfully make the wage placements legitimized through the courts and then will do academic research on both side to determine which party is right. After the decision is place wages will be distributed and who ever loses, gets their opinions and pages watched and over looked and if they share their opinion in the time that they are not supposed to then they will be fined which will help create jobs in the IT field and create more revenue for parks and recreational areas amongst communities in the USA. All in all as I conclude this wonder three idea page, to say to kill them all would be really mean and illogical to the human race, anyways they are going to off themself anywho in due time. What is being implemented is that we make them pay and help out the community by saying that what they believe in is right and they can choose to expand their ideas to people who think they are right and they can contribute or place wagers where their money then continues to play a big part in contributing to communities and helping grow more trees or something. If not they can be placed in the lions den and fight for what they believe is right compared to the lion who will be fighting for survival which is right with only using logic in the lion’s sense. Annotated Bibliography gladiator. Britannica Concise Encyclopedia, Encyclopaedia Britannica, Britannica Digital Learning, 2017. Credo Reference, https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/ebconcise/gladiator/0?institutionId=5312. Accessed 10 Aug. 2018. I use this to know what gladiators fought for. And I learned they fought for pride and self righteousness. Not because someone offended them by saying a couple of words. That would be like so he uses words I use swords and stab the SJW. Crabtree, David E. taxes. Encyclopedia of New Jersey, edited by Maxine N. Lurie, and Marc Mappen, Rutgers University Press, 1st edition, 2004. Credo Reference, https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/rutgersnj/taxes/0?institutionId=5312. Accessed 10 Aug. 2018. I use this article to learn more about what kind of taxes besides property taxes are there when creating a group or club. I learned there are a lot of taxes that starting a group has to go through and that it takes time for things like that to process. Something those SJW don’t have to make their beliefs right. Walker, Michael, and MICHAEL WALKER. Gambling. The Elgar Companion to Consumer Research and Economic Psychology, edited by Peter E. Earl, and Simon Kemp, Edward Elgar Publishing, 1st edition, 1999. Credo Reference, https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/elgarcrep/gambling/0?institutionId=5312. Accessed 10 Aug. 2018. I read this article because I wanted to know more about the gambling aspect since I don’t really gamble in my free time. And I learned you can gamble on anything rather you think it is going to land on red or black or if the sky will have a purple tint to it at at twelve midnight. Lots of things to take account from this article.

Friday, November 22, 2019

Scientific Management was the product of 19th Century industrial Essay - 6

Scientific Management was the product of 19th Century industrial practices and has no relevance to the present day - Essay Example While this theory of management had become irrelevant within the first quarter of the 20th century, many of ideas, which were proposed by Taylor, are still being applied today. In fact, it can be said that Taylor’s ideas still have a significant influence on how management is conducted, and has affected most of the other management theories, which came after it. While there are some who would argue that this theory of management is still as relevant today as when it was first proposed, others believe that its relevance is not compatible with modern standards. Although both sides have some real pertinent points to justify their claims, one would argue that despite its being effective, the theory of scientific management has lost its relevance in the current world. The way this theory was applied in its time cannot be effectively done in the current competitive global economy. The first case that one would make against the application of this hypothesis in the modern world is th at it takes away the autonomy of workers. While some would argue that the application of this theory would increase production, they do not consider the fact that, in the modern market, the availability of products in the market is not the only thing that determines whether consumers by them or not (Jeacle 2004, p.1162). In the highly competitive economy that exists today, it would be disastrous to take away the autonomy of workers because this would decrease innovation. Innovation is one of the most fundamental aspects in the modern world because it gives an organization an advantage over its competitors. Companies today are highly dependent on the creation of new and efficient products to put in the market so that they can keep their competition at bay. These companies try to outdo each other every day by coming up with products which once they enter the market, make similar products made in the past irrelevant. The ability of these companies to create new products frequently is b ecause they give their employees the autonomy to come up with ideas, which help in the development of these new products. If the theory of scientific management were applied in such situations, then competitiveness in the market would be stifled. Instead, the same variety of products would flood the market, and this would negate any need to create good quality products. Moreover, employees in companies would not be motivated to come up with ideas, which would be beneficial to their employer. These employees would only do work for the sake of attaining an income and would not be motivated to do better. Those who support the theory of scientific management would argue that it is the best because it allows for the simplification of jobs. It enables even those who are unskilled to perform tasks, which they were not trained for (Lincoln 200, p.515). While this argument is true, one would counter it by stating that the simplification of jobs is not always the best way to undertake it. Thi s is because, in the current era of enormous technological advancement, it is necessary for individuals to specialize in the use of the different technologies that are available. If unskilled workers are employed to work in environments where there is need handle delicate machinery, for example, the likelihood of accidents and damage to the machinery-taking place would be exceptionally high. The time where people

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Nursing Home Care Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Nursing Home Care - Research Paper Example Background of study: The residents of nursing homes would in several occasions be sent to hospitals to undergo diagnostic tests or for acute healthcare services. In the year 2000, Carusone, Loeb and Lohfeld (2006) observed that there were about 46% of Americans older than 65 who would be in these nursing homes before death. This is quite a considerable number of the total population. Most of these long term care facility, LCTF residents would be transferred to hospitals to receive acute medical services and undergo diagnostic tests. It should be noted that these people usually would be supported in their daily activities including bathing, eating and toileting among others. Improved technology, fiscal pressures and associated services make it complicated for nursing home residents in hospitals. Similarly, the cost of these transfers has proven to be too high. There has thus been an increase concern if hospitalization services could be provided at these nursing homes. Respiratory trac t infections have been pointed out by Boise and White (2004) as the leading killer among nursing homes as documented in a Canadian study, the reason why pneumonia has been sampled in this study. The findings of this research would therefore enable nurses to advise accordingly when families of nursing home residents seek advice on where to have these persons treated. It would also enable provision of services to the satisfaction of the residents of nursing homes and their families. The purpose of this study was to determine whether in situ care among LTCF residents would give the value much sought by the residents and their families. This was achieved by identifying the experience that participants had with pneumonia and what locus of care would be preferred. The research also sought to find the differences that these participants perceived between hospital-based care and LTCF care and what would be the criteria for good care. Methods of study: In this study, qualitative descriptive study was employed. The participants involved members of families of LTFC residents and the residents themselves who had previously been treated for pneumonia. Members of staff in these nursing homes were asked to follow a pathway of treatment that would help in deciding the locus of care. 20 nursing homes were matched according to their sizes and a member randomly selected from each pair chosen to use the clinical pathway while the counterpart continued with the normal pneumonia diagnosis and treatment procedure. The family members and residents who could not make informed decisions on the locus of treatment were involved in the study’s in-depth interviews. Nurses were charged with the task of inviting participants that remembered their experiences. Participants signed consent before participating in these interviews. The data collected from 14 interviews were then analyzed by use of editing style borrowed from Miller and Crabtree. Results of study: Residents and family memb ers alike preferred that pneumonia be treated in the nursing homes as much as possible. Though the reasons for this were varied, most of them argued that nursing homes provide the much needed attention and care than in hospitals. Both parties agreed that some situations would call for hospitalization such as in cases of broken bones, fainting and operations, but not for any reason whatsoever in cases of pneumonia. The residents preferred

Monday, November 18, 2019

Assimilation of Sephardic Jews Into European and Ottoman Cultures Research Paper

Assimilation of Sephardic Jews Into European and Ottoman Cultures - Research Paper Example However, the question here is whether or not they were better received, more welcomed, and assimilated into the Ottoman Empire as immigrants as a welcomed people while being turned away from other European nations because of their non-Christian beliefs and their refusal to convert to Christianity. The books and journal articles relied upon in this paper helps piece together the information needed to begin to answer the questions posed. Those works are by Avigdor Levy, The Sephardim in the Ottoman Empire (1992),1 Bernard Lews’ The Jews of Islam (1984),2 Henry Kamen’s journal article titled The Mediterranean and the Expulsion of Spanish Jews in 1492, appearing in the Oxford University Press publication Past and Present (1988),3 Benjamin Ravid, in his article titled The Legal Studies of the Jewish Merchants of Venice, 1541-1638, appearing in the Economic History Association’s publication The Journal of Economic History (1975),4 Diane Owen Hughes, whose research on the subject can be found in the collection titled Medieval Renaissance Texts and Studies: Persons in Groups, Social Behavior as Identity Formation in Medieval and Renaissance Euro;5 there emerges much in support of the notion that while a significant number of Jews whose lives were interrupted by ex pulsion from Spain in 1492, successfully resettled into other European states, they were not welcomed into those European states as readily and openly as they were received into the Ottoman Empire by Sultan Bayezid II (1481-1512) Reliable information derived from studies that can be considered valid in support of the locales into which the displaced Jews were received and resettled, derives from records stemming from the practice of Jewish traditions like Passover, the need for and preparation of Kosher foods, and written works that suffice to make the connection between the descendants of the immigrants within the societies to which they immigrated. In each of these cases, there is sufficient evidence to suggest the existence of a Jewish community.

Saturday, November 16, 2019

Understanding The Concept Of Gender Mainstreaming Sociology Essay

Understanding The Concept Of Gender Mainstreaming Sociology Essay This report is about gender mainstreaming which entered the mainstream of international public policy in September 1995, when it featured in the platform for Action of the Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing where most nations have signed the Platform. The report present the background and the foundation of gender mainstreaming and discusses why, how and outcome of gender mainstreaming application in the institution and some problems and restrictions will be presented which may hinder the process of mainstreaming. 2.0 Background The road to guaranteeing equality between men and women began some decades back, and progress was made in certain sectors of society but we still a long way far from being to announce and state that equality exists in terms of womens access too all of society sphere. Access has been restricted in areas of power or those requiring further education which has lead to the glass ceiling phenomena which still exist up to now in most organizations and institutions. There has been always efforts and progressive approaches to achieve equality for women in the society and the main concern was over womens issues and womens access and opportunity to the different positions in the society. In the 1970s, which this period called the period of individual rights women in development (WID) main focus was on how women could better be integrated into existing development initiatives and was regarded as beneficiaries rather than full member of development. This approach has relevance to women only which had the effect of isolation and marginalizing of women n the decision making. In the 1980s, which this period called the period of specific action due to the ineffectiveness and limited approach of the (WID), it became an evident that a new paradigm was needed to explain the relationship between women and men, Gender and Development GAD approach was different from WID and is it approach was: The gender is not a women issue but both men and women Both men and women have different and special needs. Women can not be treated as homogenous group. Women are disadvantaged to men The inequality between men and women is systemic and structural. Gender equality and equity in institutions and organization must be looked at with the understanding the complex lives of people and in order to have an effective gender analysis, must make a practical explaining the differences n mens and womens lives and helping to produce policies and programs that reduce inequalities. The concept of gender mainstreaming was first proposed at the 1985 Third world Conference on Women in Nirobi and was developed further by the United Nation development community and is recognized as a global strategy for the promotion of gender equality. The idea of gender mainstreaming was formally featured in 1995 at the Fourth Conference on women which was held in Beijing. The UN Economic and Social Council defined the concept of gender mainstreaming as: Mainstreaming a gender perspective is the process of assessing the implications for women and men of any planned action, including legislation, policies or programs, in all areas and at all levels. It is a strategy for making womens as well as ens concerns and experiences an integral dimension of the design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of policies and programs in all political, economic and societal spheres so that women and men can benefit equally and inequality is not perpetuated. The ultimate goal is to achieve gender equality. The importance of gender mainstreaming has been widely discussed since governments committed to the concept in Beijing Platform for Action in1995. It has become a generally accepted procedure that gender equality is a prerequisite for a sustainable human development. Gender mainstreaming is an essential strategy not only for attaining gender equality, but also for the sustainable development of societies as whole. National womens machineries (NWM) around the globe have been grappling with the complex task of turning concepts into reality to implement gender mainstreaming strategies. Gender mainstreaming incorporates the GAD perspective and aims to look the relationships between men and women in their access to and control over resources, decision making and benefits and rewards within a particular system. The system could be an institution, organization, a government or a department society. The mainstream refer to an inter-related set of dominant ideas, values, practices, institutions and organizations that determine who gets what within a society. The ideas and practices within the mainstream tend to reflect an reinforce each other and thus provide a rationale for any given allocation of societal resources and opportunities. Being part of the mainstream means that women and men have equitable access to resources, including opportunities and rewards. It implies equal participation influencing what is valued in shaping options within society. Becoming part of the mainstream means sharing equitable in the benefits of development. Becoming part of the mainstream offers the opportunity to influence who does what in a society, who won what, who has access to jobs and income, who controls the societys resources and institutions, who makes decisions and who sets priorities. Gender mainstreaming is a long term, complex and multi dimensional process that focuses on the needs of both men and women in order to achieve the optimal development and equality in the organization, gender streaming can defined as follows: Is a process or a strategy to work toward the goal of gender equality and it is not and end in itself. It is an approach to governance that makes mens and womens concerns and experience and integral part of the design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of policies and programs in all sectors of society. It involves changing policies and institutions so that they actively promote gender equality. It is a long term, transformative process that involves rethinking socio-cultural values and development goals. The gender mainstreaming involve not restricting efforts to promote equality to the implementation of specific measures to help women, but mobilizing all general policies and measure specifically for the purpose of achieving equality by actively and openly taking the account at the planning stage their possible effects on the perspective situation of men and women. An effective gender mainstreaming policy consists of four steps: Getting organized is on implementation and organization, and building awareness and ownership. Implementation and organization of gender mainstreaming refers to the process of providing a structural and cultural basis of equal opportunity. This includes formulation of objectives and targets, making a plan and drawing a budget and defining responsibilities and accountability of the different actors involved. All stakeholders involved in the policy should take equal opportunities of men and women in account. Training is essential in order to create a certain degree of gender awareness and expertise. Learning about gender differences, a description of the actual situation is essential in order to access actual gender inequality. In addition, monitoring the situation over time and making an assessment such as participation (group/population) such as the share of men and women in unemployment, among the disabled or among those with flexible contracts. Resources such as access or distribution of time, money, space, information, political and economic power. Norms and values such as influence gender roles, gender division of labor, the altitude of men and women. Values attached to men and women. It is essential to identify the role of policy measures in reinforcing social norms and values that maintain gender inequality. Rights pertain to direct or indirect sex discrimination, human rights, and access to justice in the legal, political or socio-economic environment. Assessing the policy impact is to analyze the potential gender impact of the policy with reference to participation, resources, norms and values and rights. Both quantitative and qualitative aspects should be taken account of participant. Its important to differentiate between particular groups of men and women such as ethnic minority groups, age groups, and regional groups. Its the changing policies and institutions so that they actively promote gender equality. It is a long term transformative process that involves rethinking socio-cultural values, development goals and redesigning policies to identify ways in which the policy could be redesigned to promote gender equality in the even of having negative impact on gender equality or to be broadly gender neutral. An effective gender mainstreaming policy diagram 3.0 Gender Streaming why, how and outcome: 3.1 Why Gender Streaming Gender mainstreaming is an important aspect of good governance. It seeks to ensure that institutions, organizations, policies and programs respond to the needs and interests of women as well as men and distribute benefits equally and justice for women and men. Thus enhancing the accountability of organizations / governments to achieve results for all citizens. The gender mainstreaming process does not mean a move away from specific women programs, special measures or women specific activities may still be required to address inequalities. Reducing poverty, boosting economic growth and strengthening citizenship is a proactive process designed to tackle inequalities which can discriminate against either sex. Gender mainstreaming is not only about women but it is also about men and society in general. It is also important for both men and women to feel comfortable as pat of the gender mainstreaming process and must play an active role in ensuring gender equality. It will benefit the organization directly in terms of improving its image, credibility ad enhancing their political capital. Mainstreaming can play an important role in eliminating sexual harassment and unprofessional attitudes towards people involved in gender work are series barriers that may not be easily surmountable through good augmentation strategies. Gender sensitivity and efforts to change attitudes within organization structure are vital elements in the gender mainstreaming process. Gender mainstreaming may load to changes which give women and men equal access to the operation, power and resources. In addition the mainstreaming will have a direct effect on the effective service of the organization and better distribution of resources for both men and women. It will lead also to more legal security, better democracy in that women and men are treated equally and a better grasp of gender equality policy and of the needs of those who use the organizations services. Why gender mainstreaming can be summarized as follows: Target major economic and social policies that deliver resources Make good economic sense ensuring that women as well as men are active, using full of the productive labor force. Represent a further step in the search for equality. Gender is the one of the most fundamental organizing features in society and affects our lives from the moment we are born. Recognition of male and female identities and recognizes that differences exist in mens and womens lives and therefore our needs, experience and priorities are different. Willingness to establish a balanced distribution of responsibilities between women and men. Needs determined political action and support with clear indicators and targets. Will not happen overnight, it is a continuous process. Equal division of power and influence between women and men. Women and men shall have the same rights and opportunities to be active citizens and to shape the conditions for decision making. Economic equality between women and men. Women and men shall have the same opportunities and conditions with regard to education and paid work that provide lifelong economic independence. Men violence against women must stop. Women and men shall have equal rights and opportunities in terms of physical integrity. 3.2 How, Gender Mainstreaming Gender mainstreaming in any organizations policy must first take stock to determine where equality needs to be established. We need a clear idea of the political measure for change. Previously such measures were usually understood to the promotion of women, thus the new strategy is called the gender mainstreaming which combined political perspective should then provide and idea of what must be changed, how, and with what means. All measures must first be checked for their political effects for both sexes and implemented only of they contribute to gender equality. Many measures must still contribute essentially to the promotion of women, that is, the dismantling of structural disadvantages for women, and to active gender equality. Gender mainstreaming resides in gender controlling, that is, in the analysis of each and every political activity from the perspective of its contribution to the establishment of equal opportunity. For such an analysis to be successful, expert knowledge, gender competence, and power must come together. Expert knowledge refers to knowledge of processes, that is, one must have a through knowledge of the legal, political, and bureaucratic conditions of the given field of action. Gender competence signifies the development of critical view of gender that will help to recognize gender hierarchies. Pointing out general patriarchal structures is no longer enough; rather, subtle processes of constrictions on men as well as women must be recognized. Power also means the power to define problems in any given situation by pointing and filtering out issues that needs and require action in order modify its situation. The inequalities exist in the organization is part of the domain of knowledge that would have to be made broadly available and should not remain in the hands of only a few specialists and mainstreaming means introducing gender relations in all themes and the fields they cover. A key point of gender mainstreaming is the demand that gender questions be made an obligatory theme in all areas, and a special theme for only a few. Giving this approach a political and legal foundation that is, as a measure applied from above will certainly makes things easier for activities struggling for general equality from below. But how to approach the theme, where it belongs, and how it is to be pursued remain largely open and needs expert recommendations. The different pattern of participation of the sexes in the varies departments and levels of the institution must be achieved, this apply to all people within the institutions. We need acknowledgment that unequal distributions are a problem and obstacle in equality, such an acknowledgment is relevant in identifying and applying the particular policies to achieve equality. Gender mainstreaming involves varies actions to be determined in order to formulate a policy of gender integration to achieve the final outcome, these actions include: Carefully assessing the situation of women and men in the organizing and identifying the different vulnerable groups of women and men and thats include ethnic minorities, disabled in relation to the objectives we need to achieve in our work. Determining the steps needed to improve the gender equality within the organization in order to support this improvement. Tracking the progress of mainstreaming with indicators or other means of monitoring the gender equality related issues. Raising awareness about gender equality problems, obstacles and the importance of adopting a gender prospective. Building a capacity program among the organization and partners to adopt a gender sensitive approach. Ensuring visibility of the gender dimensions of the activities in the organization with proper documentation, reports, seminars and public information materials. Sex disaggregated data and statistics Skills and opportunities to carry out gender analysis. Effective monitoring and evaluation systems and tools. Effective communication, networks and linkages Skilled human resource base Civil society participation. 3.3 Outcome of Gender Mainstreaming Gender mainstreaming was established as a global strategy for achieving gender equality, and in turn for achieving sustainable economic development in the 1995 Beijing platform for action ratified by all United Nations member states. It is now incumbent upon nation-states and international organizations to carry out gender mainstreaming and as such, has achieved widespread endorsement by individuals governments, regional suptra state bodies such as the European Union, the Nordic Council of Ministries and the Organization of American States, the United nations and its varies agencies, the Organization foe Economic Cooperation and Development and the Council of Europe. Gender mainstreaming is a process rather than a goal, where efforts to integrate gender into existing institutions of the mainstream have little value for their own sake. Mainstream gender concerns to achieve gender equality and improve the relevance of development agendas. Such an approach shows that the cost of womens marginalization and gender inequality are born by all. Gender mainstreaming include attempts to establish a gender-equality perspective across all policy areas, even where the gender issues at stake may be not immediately apparent, and where the impact of mainstreaming policy on gender relations is often indirect. Gender mainstreaming is neither conceived of as an achievement in itself nor as a liberal policy to include women in decision making roles, rather it is conceived as a strategy to re-invent the process of policy design, implementation and evaluation by taking into account the gender specific and often diverse interests and values of differently situated women and men. All accounts of gender mainstreaming imply significant changes to gendered institutions, a range of different visions or models of gender equality have been invoked. Three main models of gender equality have been identified: The first model is one in which equality based on sameness is fostered, especially where women enter previously male domains and this known as the transformations of gender relations. The second in which there is a move towards the equal valuation of existing and different contributions of women and men in a gender segregated society known as tailoring situations to fit the needs of the women. The third is one in where there is a new standard for both men and women, which is the transformation of gender relations in which there are new standards for everyone, replacing the segregated institutions and standards associated with masculinity and femininity. Gender mainstreaming is highly diverse with uneven impacts, it is situated within the development of global politics, multi forms of governance and diverse discourses of human rights. All gender mainstreaming agendas and policies must should be evaluated from the perspective of whether or not it reduces or increases gender inequalities, unfair and unequal gender outcomes can be redresses. Gender equality and justice thus rely on the creative and technical capacity of gender analysis and gender specialists in the institutions. The gender mainstreaming main aim and the resulting goal is to help to transform a society to better gender equality, the result of such an events can be difficult to identify and track. The signs of the outcome of the gender streaming may be observed after a long term and can be identified by the increase in equality and the development results may include: Womens increased access to and control over a societys development resources and opportunities. Reduction in poverty for both women and men assessed through several indicators associated with areas where significant gender gaps exist, such as health and income. More equitable participation in decision making concerning allocation of development resources that might produce results such as improved health service delivery or better access to opportunities. Improved media images of womens roles in relationship and society, promoting women as individuals with full human rights and discouraging intolerance and violence against women. The emergence of committed gender-sensitive leaders, planers and implementers, both men and women applying gender analysis to their work on a regular basis. Identification of gender focal points in various government ministries with the capacity to provide leadership and accountability. The provision of adequate resources for the collection and analysis of sex disaggregated data, particularly to track impact of policies and programming. Putting mechanism in place to facilitate regular consultation and validation of policy decisions with civil society groups and organizations promoting gender equality. 4.0 Possible Problems or restrictions of gender mainstreaming Gender mainstreaming is a new strategy which has not been a great success so far, and essentially contested form of feminist politics and policy, existing in the tension between the mainstream and interventions to secure gender equality. The gender mainstreaming in development policies has been limited by its discursive construction as well as the failure to empower key gendered actors and its development has been uneven and weakened by its subordination to other policy goals. Gender mainstreaming has been criticized as a confusing conceptual framework at best, and at worst, a force that has totally undermined womens rights. Some say that it has resulted in the disappearance of attention to womens specific needs and the gender differentiated impacts of policies and programs. Mainstreaming has been described as a deceptive simple concept that is likely to be extremely difficult to operationlize and as an extraordinary demanding concept, which requires the adoption of a gender perspective by all the central actors in the policy process. Most Organizations embrace mainstreaming without implementing the extensive ground work and structural change that is necessary to ensure effective outcomes. Gender mainstreaming has emerged as a strategy in a period in which many governments and organizations have been anxious to reduce the costs and burdens imposed on market actors. Present approaches to macroeconomics have tended to reinforce a simplistic anti-poverty agenda that is incompatible wit process of gender mainstreaming. The lack of general understanding of what gender mainstreaming entails in practical terms and a lack of access to support mechanism and the gaps between policy and practice, with particular challenges to inadequate institutional mechanism, including the area of data collection, accountability, monitoring, reporting and training, as well as inadequate resource allocation. Other factors which hindered and restricted the gender mainstreaming include: Women organization may influence the outcome of mainstreaming due to their claim that streaming is not the appropriate procedure to achieve equality and feel that their situation will even become worse than before. The policy of gender mainstreaming sometime will lead to the abandonment of specific, positive actions on behalf of women and the particular policies on behalf of women may be discontinued and the equal opportunity unit will be weakened in the name of mainstreaming. There is a far that gender mainstreaming might be an attempt to integrate womens work to cut down costs and to downsize staff and the fear of some women is that it might lead to integration and elimination of womens movement and therefore lad to invisibility rather than to transformation. Many of the initiative undertaken under its mandate fail to create and legally enforceable rights, such as equal pay. The promise of the mainstreaming approach lies not in the short term creation of legally enforceable rights, but in the long term transformation of the policy process to serve the goal of equal opportunity between women and men. Political will and leadership: Understanding and commitment from authorities is obviously crucial to creating an enabling environment for the implementation of gender mainstreaming. Formal acknowledgement from political leaders that gender equality is an essential component of sustainable development is a starting point. Policy framework: without a formal policy in place related to gender streaming, often the results will be weak and missed. Unavailable of Sufficient Resources: without sufficient of resources, the commitment to gender streaming will not be achieved. Resources must be allocated to support the structure and practice required of mainstreaming. Sex-disaggregated and data information system: Information are not available to assure that there differences in circumstances and opportunities between women and men in order to provide the basis for policy and program development and evaluations. Tools and knowledge for gender analysis is not available and missing, such as inappropriate person in key position, lack of understanding concerning national gender equality and rational, scarce human, financial and technical resources, a lack of incentives / recognition rewards, lack of professionalism or political skills within the organization who will be responsible for establishing linage with other agencies and government departments. 5.0 Steps and procedures needed to address issues in mainstreaming Gender mainstreaming is relatively new phenomena and drives from only 20 years experience and the main procedure needed to the successful polices of mainstreaming is capacity building and training is needed to ensure and enhance the system gender sensitivity and gender expertise and these include: Integrate a gender perspective into all training programs. Provide continuous gender training for all staff, including those at the highest levels. Provide special training for gender experts to enhance their skills. Ensure that specialized gender expertise is available to them. Coordinate their training efforts though a system-wide evaluation of the impact of gender training. Gender disaggregated statistics and indicators to be collected and analyzed. Information exchange on gender mainstreaming within organization in particular women watch groups. Provide gender sensitive public information activities and materials to all concerned parties. In addition all problems and restrictions of gender mainstreaming of previous section can be avoided in order to not to hinder the development policies of gender mainstreaming. 6.0 Conclusion The gender mainstreaming is relatively new and has taken a center stage in the world order since the United Nations Conferences in Cairo, Copenhagen and Beijing have created very important aspects for women equality and rights to move the International development agenda from small scale to emphasizing the importance of gender mainstreaming in impacting the status of women in economics, social and political development. The mainstreaming gender equality is a commitment of organization to ensure that womens as well as mens concerns are the main parameters of the design policy in order to achieve equality for all sexes and to shatter the glass ceiling.

Thursday, November 14, 2019

legal case Essay -- essays research papers

MEMORANDUM INTRODUCTION   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  You have asked me to determine whether our client Diana Lewis committed unauthorized practice of law by providing her services. I have done research on statutes and cases. This memorandum will address the issue of this case, California Bar’s claim, and Ms. Lewis’s possible defense. STATEMENT OF FACTS   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In May 2001, Diana Lewis earned her Associate of Art degree and Paralegal Certificate from City College of San Francisco. In June 2001, Ms. Lewis opened her business to prepare legal paperwork for clients involved in uncontested divorces. She advertises her business in the Daily Journal and the Recorder. She charges no more than $75 for the complete package of paperwork and has assisted 25 clients to date.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Because Ms. Lewis’s clients are not familiar with the legal terminology and some of them are illiterate, Ms. Lewis is compelled to ask questions and hold conferences with them. The day before the client’s court hearing, Ms. Lewis meets with her client to discuss what he or she can expect during the hearing. Ms. Lewis does not accompany the client to the hearing. Diana Lewis has been charged by the California Bar with unauthorized practice of law. ISSUE   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Did Ms. Lewis practice law when she provided such legal document service? BRIEF ANSWER   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  No. California Bar could make a case that Ms. Lewis gave legal advice. But when she helped her clients with â€Å"uncontested† divorce document, she did not give specific advice by which the client’s particular legal rights were secured. She simply helped interpret instructions on preparing the general legal forms at her clients’ request. Such sales and services are legitimate. DISCUSSION In Cal Bus & Prof Code  § 6125, â€Å"[n]o person shall practice law in California unless the person is an active member of the State Bar.† Diana Lewis dose not have law school education and did not pass California Bar Exams. She is not an active member of the State Bar. So she cannot practice law in California. The issue is whether she practiced law. In Cal Bus & Prof Code  § 6400, â€Å"[a] legal document assistant may not provide any kind of advice, explanation, opinion, or recommendation to a consumer about possible legal rights, remedies, defenses... ... of law. In addition it violates Unfair Competition Law at the same time. Walter Moore is similar to Ms. Lewis in that they are both non-lawyers and provided legal document service. Also, they both advertised locally. Walter Moore listed in the phone book under â€Å"Legal Aid† directory. Here we need more details about Ms. Lewis’s advertisement such as the wordings and under what section it was printed. CONCLUSION   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  California code prohibits Diana Lewis to practice law. The issue is whether Ms. Lewis actually practiced law.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  According to the statute and court opinion, the key point is whether a non-lawyer provides advice or prepares legal instruments that would secure the party’s legal rights.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  From the fats at hand, I do not see Diana Lewis have provided individual client with specific advice that would affect his or her legal rights. In fact, in the case of â€Å"uncontested† divorce, such practice of legal advice is not usually needed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Some detail information on Ms. Lewis’s advertisement and her discussion with clients will be needed to help with her defense. legal case Essay -- essays research papers MEMORANDUM INTRODUCTION   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  You have asked me to determine whether our client Diana Lewis committed unauthorized practice of law by providing her services. I have done research on statutes and cases. This memorandum will address the issue of this case, California Bar’s claim, and Ms. Lewis’s possible defense. STATEMENT OF FACTS   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In May 2001, Diana Lewis earned her Associate of Art degree and Paralegal Certificate from City College of San Francisco. In June 2001, Ms. Lewis opened her business to prepare legal paperwork for clients involved in uncontested divorces. She advertises her business in the Daily Journal and the Recorder. She charges no more than $75 for the complete package of paperwork and has assisted 25 clients to date.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Because Ms. Lewis’s clients are not familiar with the legal terminology and some of them are illiterate, Ms. Lewis is compelled to ask questions and hold conferences with them. The day before the client’s court hearing, Ms. Lewis meets with her client to discuss what he or she can expect during the hearing. Ms. Lewis does not accompany the client to the hearing. Diana Lewis has been charged by the California Bar with unauthorized practice of law. ISSUE   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Did Ms. Lewis practice law when she provided such legal document service? BRIEF ANSWER   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  No. California Bar could make a case that Ms. Lewis gave legal advice. But when she helped her clients with â€Å"uncontested† divorce document, she did not give specific advice by which the client’s particular legal rights were secured. She simply helped interpret instructions on preparing the general legal forms at her clients’ request. Such sales and services are legitimate. DISCUSSION In Cal Bus & Prof Code  § 6125, â€Å"[n]o person shall practice law in California unless the person is an active member of the State Bar.† Diana Lewis dose not have law school education and did not pass California Bar Exams. She is not an active member of the State Bar. So she cannot practice law in California. The issue is whether she practiced law. In Cal Bus & Prof Code  § 6400, â€Å"[a] legal document assistant may not provide any kind of advice, explanation, opinion, or recommendation to a consumer about possible legal rights, remedies, defenses... ... of law. In addition it violates Unfair Competition Law at the same time. Walter Moore is similar to Ms. Lewis in that they are both non-lawyers and provided legal document service. Also, they both advertised locally. Walter Moore listed in the phone book under â€Å"Legal Aid† directory. Here we need more details about Ms. Lewis’s advertisement such as the wordings and under what section it was printed. CONCLUSION   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  California code prohibits Diana Lewis to practice law. The issue is whether Ms. Lewis actually practiced law.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  According to the statute and court opinion, the key point is whether a non-lawyer provides advice or prepares legal instruments that would secure the party’s legal rights.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  From the fats at hand, I do not see Diana Lewis have provided individual client with specific advice that would affect his or her legal rights. In fact, in the case of â€Å"uncontested† divorce, such practice of legal advice is not usually needed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Some detail information on Ms. Lewis’s advertisement and her discussion with clients will be needed to help with her defense.

Monday, November 11, 2019

A Letter to a Friend Who Is Going to Visit London

Hello, Caron! I heard you’re going to London these holidays! Oh, I must confess that you’re stealing the dream of my life! I’m getting a bit jealous because I still don’t have an opportunity to go there. But anyway, it’s great that you’ re (visiting/going to visit) this amazing country! And I’d like to advise you some places to visit as I spent a lot of time reading about this ancient city. As you know, London is divided into 32 boroughs and the City. From another hand it is divided into 4 main sections: the City, the West End, the East End and the South Bank. If you want to see the ancient edifices and to enjoy the beauty of history, you should go to the City. The City of London is the historical heart of London. This area was already a bustling trading post almost 2000 years ago, when it was a part of the Roman empire. Many of the irregular streets still follow the ancient Roman roads. Plenty of historic landmarks attest to the City's storied past. The most famous is the domed St. Paul's Cathedral, built in the 17th century by Sir Christopher Wren. And also you can find there the Guildhall, a beautiful early 15th century edifice that was reconstructed in the 17th century in a neo-Gothic style. And also you’ll enjoy the aspects of Royal Exchange Building and the Monument. But the City is not only about the ancient buildings. You’ll find there well-known modern building as the Lloyd's of London, designed by Richard Rogers, the architect of the Centre Pompidou in Paris. A more recent, but equally remarkable(Ð ½Ã µÃ ºÃ'€Ð °Ã' Ã ¸Ã ²Ã ¾:(( ) tower in the City is Barbican 30 St. Mary Axe, commonly known as the Gherkin. And if you want to go shopping, my advice is to go the West End of the city. The Trafalgar Square, Piccadilly Circus, where six streets come together. And don’t forget to visit my favorite Harrods. As they say, they have all goods for all the people from everywhere, but if they have money to pay. It’s a paradise for the shopaholics and for people that like exquisite things. I even heard that a baby-elephant was bought in Harrods for some well-known person. And if you come there at the sales season, you’ll have a great opportunity to buy everything at reduced prices. The South Bank of the site is a great modern cultural center where a great number of theatres, concert halls and art galleries are situated. And if you want to become a part of cultural life of London, you should go there and enjoy the plays, performances, exhibitions. So, the best advice I can give you is to enjoy this immaculate city, it’s culture and its’ beautiful traditions. Hello, Caron! I heard you’re going to London these holidays! Oh, I must confess that you’re stealing the dream of my life! I’m getting a bit jealous because I still don’t have an opportunity to go there. But anyway, it’s great that you’ re (visiting/going to visit) this amazing country! And I’d like to advise you some places to visit as I spent a lot of time reading about this ancient city. As you know, London is divided into 32 boroughs and the City. From another hand it is divided into 4 main sections: the City, the West End, the East End and the South Bank. If you want to see the ancient edifices and to enjoy the beauty of history, you should go to the City. The City of London is the historical heart of London. This area was already a bustling trading post almost 2000 years ago, when it was a part of the Roman empire. Many of the irregular streets still follow the ancient Roman roads. Plenty of historic landmarks attest to the City's storied past. The most famous is the domed St. Paul's Cathedral, built in the 17th century by Sir Christopher Wren. And also you can find there the Guildhall, a beautiful early 15th century edifice that was reconstructed in the 17th century in a neo-Gothic style. And also you’ll enjoy the aspects of Royal Exchange Building and the Monument. But the City is not only about the ancient buildings. You’ll find there well-known modern building as the Lloyd's of London, designed by Richard Rogers, the architect of the Centre Pompidou in Paris. A more recent, but equally remarkable(Ð ½Ã µÃ ºÃ'€Ð °Ã' Ã ¸Ã ²Ã ¾:(( ) tower in the City is Barbican 30 St. Mary Axe, commonly known as the Gherkin. And if you want to go shopping, my advice is to go the West End of the city. The Trafalgar Square, Piccadilly Circus, where six streets come together. And don’t forget to visit my favorite Harrods. As they say, they have all goods for all the people from everywhere, but if they have money to pay. It’s a paradise for the shopaholics and for people that like exquisite things. I even heard that a baby-elephant was bought in Harrods for some well-known person. And if you come there at the sales season, you’ll have a great opportunity to buy everything at reduced prices. The South Bank of the site is a great modern cultural center where a great number of theatres, concert halls and art galleries are situated. And if you want to become a part of cultural life of London, you should go there and enjoy the plays, performances, exhibitions. So, the best advice I can give you is to enjoy this immaculate city, it’s culture and its’ beautiful traditions. Hello, Caron! I heard you’re going to London these holidays! Oh, I must confess that you’re stealing the dream of my life! I’m getting a bit jealous because I still don’t have an opportunity to go there. But anyway, it’s great that you’ re (visiting/going to visit) this amazing country! And I’d like to advise you some places to visit as I spent a lot of time reading about this ancient city. As you know, London is divided into 32 boroughs and the City. From another hand it is divided into 4 main sections: the City, the West End, the East End and the South Bank. If you want to see the ancient edifices and to enjoy the beauty of history, you should go to the City. The City of London is the historical heart of London. This area was already a bustling trading post almost 2000 years ago, when it was a part of the Roman empire. Many of the irregular streets still follow the ancient Roman roads. Plenty of historic landmarks attest to the City's storied past. The most famous is the domed St. Paul's Cathedral, built in the 17th century by Sir Christopher Wren. And also you can find there the Guildhall, a beautiful early 15th century edifice that was reconstructed in the 17th century in a neo-Gothic style. And also you’ll enjoy the aspects of Royal Exchange Building and the Monument. But the City is not only about the ancient buildings. You’ll find there well-known modern building as the Lloyd's of London, designed by Richard Rogers, the architect of the Centre Pompidou in Paris. A more recent, but equally remarkable(Ð ½Ã µÃ ºÃ'€Ð °Ã' Ã ¸Ã ²Ã ¾:(( ) tower in the City is Barbican 30 St. Mary Axe, commonly known as the Gherkin. And if you want to go shopping, my advice is to go the West End of the city. The Trafalgar Square, Piccadilly Circus, where six streets come together. And don’t forget to visit my favorite Harrods. As they say, they have all goods for all the people from everywhere, but if they have money to pay. It’s a paradise for the shopaholics and for people that like exquisite things. I even heard that a baby-elephant was bought in Harrods for some well-known person. And if you come there at the sales season, you’ll have a great opportunity to buy everything at reduced prices. The South Bank of the site is a great modern cultural center where a great number of theatres, concert halls and art galleries are situated. And if you want to become a part of cultural life of London, you should go there and enjoy the plays, performances, exhibitions. So, the best advice I can give you is to enjoy this immaculate city, it’s culture and its’ beautiful traditions. Hello, Caron! I heard you’re going to London these holidays! Oh, I must confess that you’re stealing the dream of my life! I’m getting a bit jealous because I still don’t have an opportunity to go there. But anyway, it’s great that you’ re visitingthis amazing country! And I’d like to advise you some places to visit as I spent a lot of time reading about this ancient city. As you know, London is divided into 32 boroughs and the City. From another hand it is divided into 4 main sections: the City, the West End, the East End and the South Bank. If you want to see the ancient edifices and to enjoy the beauty of history, you should go to the City. The City of London is the historical heart of London. This area was already a bustling trading post almost 2000 years ago, when it was a part of the Roman empire. Many of the irregular streets still follow the ancient Roman roads. Plenty of historic landmarks attest to the City's storied past. The most famous is the domed St. Paul's Cathedral, built in the 17th century by Sir Christopher Wren. And also you can find there the Guildhall, a beautiful early 15th century edifice that was reconstructed in the 17th century in a neo-Gothic style. And also you’ll enjoy the aspects of Royal Exchange Building and the Monument. But the City is not only about the ancient buildings. You’ll find there well-known modern building as the Lloyd's of London, designed by Richard Rogers, the architect of the Centre Pompidou in Paris. A more recent, but equally remarkable tower in the City is Barbican 30 St. Mary Axe, commonly known as the Gherkin. And if you want to go shopping, my advice is to go the West End of the city. The Trafalgar Square, Piccadilly Circus, where six streets come together. And don’t forget to visit my favorite Harrods. As they say, they have all goods for all the people from everywhere, but if they have money to pay. It’s a paradise for the shopaholics and for people that like exquisite things. I even heard that a baby-elephant was bought in Harrods for some well-known person. And if you come there at the sales season, you’ll have a great opportunity to buy everything at reduced prices. The South Bank of the site is a great modern cultural center where a great number of theatres, concert halls and art galleries are situated. And if you want to become a part of cultural life of London, you should go there and enjoy the plays, performances, exhibitions. So, the best advice I can give you is to enjoy this immaculate city, it’s culture and its’ beautiful traditions.

Saturday, November 9, 2019

Manage Risk Essay

The reason the investigation was conducted was to gauge what was both good and bad about the new cafà © opening, what needs to be changed in order to increase efficiency at work and any legislative laws involved. The conduction of the investigation was done in a way to view the aspects of staff members, the community, management and the government This investigation has been conducted in a way which sees the aspect of management, staff members, governments, and the community. A probability or threat of damage, injury, liability, loss, or any other negative occurrence that is caused by external or internal vulnerabilities, and that may be avoided through preemptive action. 2.Finance: The probability that an actual return on an investment will be lower than the expected return. Financial risk is divided into the following categories: Basic risk, Capital risk, Country risk, Default risk, Delivery risk, Economic risk, Exchange rate risk, Interest rate risk, Liquidity risk, Operations ri sk, Payment system risk, Political risk, Refinancing risk, Reinvestment risk, Settlement risk, Sovereign risk, and Underwriting risk. 3.Food industry: The possibility that due to a certain hazard in food there will be an negative effect to a certain magnitude. 4. Insurance: A situation where the probability of a variable (such as burning down of a building) is known but when a mode of occurrence or the actual value of the occurrence (whether the fire will occur at a particular property) is not. A risk is not an uncertainty (where neither the probability nor the mode of occurrence is known), a peril (cause  of loss), or a hazard (something that makes the occurrence of a peril more likely or more severe). 5.Securities trading: The probability of a loss or drop in value. Trading risk is divided into two general categories: (1) Systemic risk affects all securities in the same class and is linked to the overall capital-market system and therefore cannot be eliminated by diversification. Also called market risk. (2) Nonsystematic risk is any risk that isn’t market-related or is not systemic. Also called nonmarket risk, extra-market risk, or unsystemic risk. 6.Workplace: Product of the consequence and probability of a hazardous event or phenomenon. For example, the risk of developing cancer is estimated as the incremental probability of developing cancer over a lifetime as a result of exposure to potential carcinogens (cancer-causing substances). Procedure: Scope: Risks are found in all organizational activities.The background behind this report is to manage the current risks that are currently effecting the MacVille Cafe, Toowoomba and to enhance any opportunities available to the organisation. The purpose of this risk assessment is to identify risks related to the MacVille Cafe, Toowoomba. The risk assessment will be utilized to identify risks related to the cafe. During inspection of the organisational premises, many risks have been identified as potential high-risk. Goals 1) Put a Policy and Procedure in place – by putting this in place and having a hard copy available. Instead of having Mr. Hurley address this manually each week, all staff will have will have something to turn to on a daily basis if they weren’t at the cafe when Mr. Hurley was present. 2) Train staff in water use – by giving the staff proper training in relation to the water usage at the cafe, this will help water waste reduction and will help the organisation out financially. 3) Renovate the Cafe – By renovating the cafe, fit-out will look inviting and refreshed. Replacing any old, broke and unstable furniture, and removing old carpet, will benefit the organisation by decreasing and accidents where staff and customers are concerned. 4) Water Tank Installation – by having a water tank installed, it will allow more savings on the water bill, which will benefit the organisation in many  financial ways. The cafe can collect rainwater and substitute t hat for mains pressure water for cleaning and washing purposes. 5) Increase of Sales Promotions – by encouraging the staff to get involved with these promotions, this will bring many financial benefits to the organisation. Risk management goals and objectives should be consistent with and supportive of the enterprise’s business objectives and strategies. Therefore, the organization’s business model provides an important context for risk management. Accomplishing and maintaining these goals helps enliven the cafà © and enhance the wholesome spirit we want to project. These goals are long term, ongoing and ever evolving as we grow and learn our business, and are in no particular order: 1. To maintain positive balance in our lives so that the business rounds us out and reflects our values. 2. To embody the meaning of hospitality through a strong, reliable staff. 3. To offer our community wholesome foods that are satisfying, great tasting, and worth every penny. 4. To have our employees and customers feel appreciated, supported and satisfied, every time they come in. 5. To support local, independent business and the farming community through buying locally, keeping it simple and in season. 6. To remain connected to our community with our charitable giving. 7. To have this business comfortably support our employee family in all ways possible.

Thursday, November 7, 2019

Reaction Paper on Global Warming Essay Example

Reaction Paper on Global Warming Essay Example Reaction Paper on Global Warming Paper Reaction Paper on Global Warming Paper It makes one wonder though how many of these canvass-toting individuals know how many years does Our planet has left before it reaches an environmental tipping point or in what year was the hottest earth temperature recorded. Admit that I am one of those individuals who proclaimed and believed that I am a friend of the earth. After all, I try to conserve water as much as can and segregate garbage whenever I have the chance. But like many individuals out there, I was ignorant about the real issue concerning our environment, that is until have seen the documentary An Inconvenient Truth. Directed by Davis Guggenheim and featuring former United States vice president AY Gore, the documentary zeros in on the subject of global warming and how it is affecting and will affect the planet Earth. The Effectiveness of AY Gore Technical and cinematic achievements aside, I believe the best contribution of this film is that it has made the issue of global warming accessible to ordinary individuals. Gore plays the role of environmental spokesperson well. He provides a believable and authoritative personality to the documentary and to the issues it is trying to expose. Much of the popularity that the film has enjoyed it owes to Gores ability to act as an expert and a fellow observer at the same time. When this film was released, not a few have surmised that it is nothing but a gimmick to catapult AY Gore back into the White House. After watching the film though, many of Gores detractors have been transformed into followers. The fact that there is now a different person in the Palace is a vindication for Gore and a proof of his sincerity and lack of political agenda. The strongest point of Gore lies in his ability to convey urgency while at the same time maintaining a hopeful attitude and optimistic outlook which is not an easy feat to achieve when you are talking about the current State Of the environment. The Message of the Film The message of this film is very clear: that global warming is real and we must do something about it or we will suffer the scones ounces. According to Gore, the planet has about ten more years before it reaches a tipping point at which instance there would be little that we can do already. The best part about Gores message is that they are presented not without scientific evidence and proofs. The following scientific phenomena and materials are seed to support the films main thesis: ; before and after photographs of melting ice glaciers; ; temperature records from the sass that show that the ten hottest years have occurred in the last three decades; ; the Keeling curve which measures the rising level of CO; a study that shows that carbon dioxide concentrations are higher now than at any point in history. The presentation of these pieces of evidence are essential to lending veracity to the films core message. Without them, AY Gore would simply appear as a preacher pointing to some distant doomsday. Visually Engaging One of the first things that you will realize while watching An Inconvenient Truth is how engaging and enjoyable the experience is and this is largely because of the visuals that were used in the film. From the opening scene, when we were shown the now famous photograph of the earth taken by the first Americans who went to space , the audience were being foretold that the film is going to be one visual treat. Throughout the film, beautiful and terrible images were precisely interwoven to help achieve the films goal of sending out the dual message of making people realize how beautiful our planet is ND making us see the extent Of the destruction that has already been done. Not a few individuals were turned off when they learned that this film is a documentary. But if only these individuals gave the film a chance then they would have been amazed at the fact that it is one such visual achievement. Documentaries especially those that deal with subjects relating to the environment have a reputation of being boring and uninteresting. The An Inconvenient Truth may just change peoples impression about environmental films and even documentaries as a whole with its engaging style and arresting elements. Conclusion An Inconvenient Truth is a film that should be seen by anyone who cares for the environment and for the future of humanity and our planet.

Monday, November 4, 2019

Biology - Microbiology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Biology - Microbiology - Essay Example It is therefore essential to understand the microbes linked with the commodities we use in our everyday life. Microorganism vary widely in morphology displaying spherical, rod like or spiral shapes. One of the significant feature that is universal despite their appearances is they divide through binary fission. The cell grows to twice its size, DNA, the genetic material replicates and then the cell divides into two like cells which share the same genotype as the parent cell. The two newly formed cells are called the daughter cells as they receive one copy of each replicated DNA. Since the two daughter cells are genetically similar they are referred as clones. Cells descending from the parent cell form a mass of cells on the solid surface, agar plates and are known as colony. The colony is derived from a single cell and this is referred as colony forming unit (CFU) (Stanier, 1986). The cell divides into two new cells and then these two cells give rise to four new cells which eventuall y divides to form eight cells establishing a mathematical series called 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64,... which can be expressed as 20, 21, 22, 23, 24,...with a base of 2. Such series is called the exponential series and the growth curve obtained displaying bacterial growth is called exponential growth curve highlighting the fact that bacterial population increases rapidly and possess short generation time equivalent to 30 minutes. With such a rapid pace of cell division the population of bacteria grows two fold in one hour and 16 fold in mere two hours. If the trend continues the population may attain trillion fold, but there is a check mechanism that limits the bacterial growth. Thus, instead of a constant steady rise in the population of bacterial cells, the bacterial growth curve displays four phases- A. The lag phase- It is the primary phase after the bacterial cells are inoculated in the growth medium. In this phase the bacterial cells do not divide, instead they prepare themselves w ith high metabolic rate for the cell division. If the nutrients are sufficient to support the growth and cellular requirements, the lag phase may be short. If the medium of inoculation is poor in nutrient requirement of the cell the time taken by the cells to prepare themselves to onset cell division, the cells are required to produce amino acids and vitamins, the bacterial growth displays long lag phase; as after active metabolism only the cells begin DNA replication. This is a preparatory step for the second phase of growth (Stanier, 1986). B. The log or the exponential phase of growth- In this phase the cells display rapid cell division. The time taken by the cells to produce daughter cells is regarded as the generation time. This phase is depicted as the steep rise in the bacterial growth. The generation time could be calculated by pointing two points on the straight line and calculating the time required to attain the same. However, the generation time depends on various factor s encompassing the organism, the growth medium as well the given temperature. Thus generation time varies between different bacterial species. Estimations reveal that fastest growing organisms have generation time of 15- 20 min under optimal growth provisions (Stanier, 1986). C. The stationary phase- in this phase the metabolism slows down and cells cease rapid cell division. Cells display declining metabolism as well as the rapid pace of cell division also reduces. Stationary phase is initiated by the altered

Saturday, November 2, 2019

Reduction of Aggression Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Reduction of Aggression - Essay Example Socio-cultural perspective believes that bullying is due to the presence of specific social groups with different levels of power. Instrumental theorists take aggression as serving a useful function for the individual aggressive behavior to gain some kind of pay-off which makes it worth the risk. Aggression occurs not for the pleasure of lashing out but for the purpose of achieving some benefit (Campbell, 1997). Sep. 11th attacks were examples of instrumental aggression. They wanted to send a message to US. Study shows that children showing reactive aggression were characterized by higher self-control, especially constructiveness, at each age and better adult adjustment (Pulkkinen, 1995). There exist popular and unpopular subtypes of aggressive children who have different peer affiliation patterns (Farmer et al. 2002). Thus there are two social worlds of aggression in school: aggressive children who are marginalized by society and children who are well influenced in the social structure. This view is supported by studies showing that some children who are perceived as popular in social network use physical or social form of aggression to promote and keep their influence and position in the social hierarchy while other aggressive students are picked-on and victimized by seniors (Adler &Adler 1998; Caims & Cairns, 2005). Hence one can conclude that that aggression is part of the general social dynamics in classrooms. Aggression Prevention Methods Many techniques and procedures can be used to prevent or avoid aggression. Some of them are discussed below. The threat of mild punishment might help to reduce aggression. Mild punishment and education when applied in pair has helped to reduce the bullying behavior in students. Anger management is another effective technique. Stress management training approach (Beck and Fernandz, 1996) to anger management, as given below, is an effective three phase process Phase 1 Identification of factors triggering anger Rehearsal of self statement intended to prevent anger (I can handle this). Phase 2 Acquisition of relaxation techniques Coupling self statements with relaxation techniques after exposure to anger trigger. Phase 3 Rehearsal phase Practicing cognitive and relaxation techniques until mental and physical response can be achieved automatically. Making Choices: a Social Development Program This empirically based intervention targets third grade children who are live in a high-risk rural community that is experiencing rapid growth and changing racial and ethnic demographics.( Fraser, n.d.) Works Cited 1. Anne Campbell (1997) Altruism and Aggression Blackwell publishing 2. Barbara Krahe. The social psychology of aggression 3. Ken Rigby (2003) No. 259 Addressing bullying in schools: theory and practice. Australian institute of criminology trends and issues in crime and criminal justice. 4. Kenneth S.Bordens, Irwin A. Horowitz, Social Psychology.