The Absurdity Of The Victorian Upper Class Society

Nora Abushaaban Marietta Reber EWRT 2z November 25, 2016 The Absurdity of the Victorian Upper-Class Society Sans irony, the title of the play, The Importance of Being Earnest - A Trivial Comedy for Serious People, by Oscar Wilde probably would have been called â€Å"The Insignificance of Being Earnest.† This is because throughout the play all the major characters lied and were not the least bit earnest. This comedy is a satire on the mannerisms of the Victorian upper-class society in the late 1800s. As it is a satire, Wilde’s intent was to poke fun at the aristocrats of his time by exaggerating their behavior to criticize how substanceless their lifestyles were. Wilde incorporates various elements of literature including genre, symbolism, and characterization to challenge the Victorian upper class’ arrogant lifestyle. They key literary device Wilde used to popularize his critique of the Victorian upper-class was genre. As this was a play, the genre would fall under drama. This type of drama was specifically known as a farce: a comedic dramatic work with absurd events. This play was a comedy in the traditional sense because it is a satire with a happy ending, as well is in the modern definition in that it is humorous. â€Å"Inseparable from any definition of satire is its corrective purpose, expressed through a critical mode which ridicules or otherwise attacks those conditions needing reformation in the opinion of the satirist† (Harris). In this case the satirist would be Wilde.Show MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Being Earnest By Oscar Wilde980 Words   |  4 Pageshypocrisy. Set in Victorian England, the two bachelors, Algernon and Jack, fight over which one of them will take the name Ernest in order to win their own girl. Wilde circumvents conventionalism and employs superior satirical st rategy to not only teach the importance of being earnest, a characteristic held dear by Victorian society, but he also chastises his world for the hypocrisy between man and woman and between upper and lower classes. Earnest does more than criticize Victorian society: the play remainsRead MoreThe Significance Of Being Earnest, By Oscar Wilde1305 Words   |  6 Pagesexaggeration around a core of society.† Satire exposes the absurdity embedded in society through exaggerated extremes of social norms. Satire is the hyperbolic expressions of absurdity, which provides clarity through sarcasm and offensive exaggerations to project a society’s ethics. In Oscar Wilde’s play, The Importance of Being Earnest, Wilde exposes the absurdity of Victorian aristocratic social propriety. Wilde utilizes numerous ironic puns and sarcasm in order to satirize Victorian social responsibilitiesRead MoreThe Importance Of Being Earnest By Oscar Wilde1418 Words   |  6 Pagesthe people of the Victorian Era act. The play itself follows Algernon Moncrieff and Jack Worthing, and their quest to get acquainted with their future fiancà ©es, Cecily Cardew and Gwendolen Fairfax. Additionally, Wilde wrote t he play during the aestheticism movement, which promoted the creation of art for art’s sake. Through the use of humor, irony, and sarcasm, Wilde highlights the artificiality of Victorian society. From this, two major themes arise: people from the Victorian Era place significanceRead MoreThe Victorian Age : An Upper Class Society1049 Words   |  5 Pages2015 The Victorian Age: An Upper Class Society The Victorian Period, the years between 1837 and 1901, was named after the reign of the great Queen Victoria in English civilization. It was during her regime that England gained economic prosperity, experienced the rapid growth of the empire, encountered dramatic changes and religious beliefs. Various social classes represented the population of England, comprising of the upper class, the middle class, the working class and the under class. Social orderRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Alice s Adventures 1293 Words   |  6 Pagesas a children’s story, Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland has remained a mainstay with children and adults for well over one hundred and fifty years. Adults and children today can see the faults of government and society with Carroll’s use of logical nonsense to satirize Victorian era society, morality, and their sense of justice. One reason Carroll’s novel Alice in Wonderland remains in the hearts of both children and adults after so much time is due to Carroll’s keen ability to write both logic andRead MoreOscar Wildes Use Of Criticism In English Literature1107 Words   |  5 PagesA central theme of English literature in the Victorian Era was the criticism of various facets of the society. With all the changes brought by the Industrial Revolution, authors such as Charles Dickens used their work to express their views on the social system and stratification of classes. Likewise, Oscar Wilde was a playwright whose criticism, expressed in the form of satire, mostly targeted the upper classes. His famous play The Importance of Being Earnest provides a prime example of the useRead MoreThe Importance Of Being Earnest By Oscar Wilde1086 Words   |  5 Pages The Importance of Being Earnest, written by a fascinating Oscar Wilde reveals a story of social class and hierarchy during the roaring Victorian time period (1837-1901). Focusing his writing on the social classes, the play becomes comical when he exposes the flaws held by the upper class during this time. Wilde saw earnestness as being a key ideal in Victorian culture for much of British society struck Wilde as dry, stern, conservative, and so â€Å"earnestly† concerned with the maintenance of socialRead MoreRussell Jackson ´s Review of The Importance of Being Earnest by Oscar Wilde 1307 Words   |  6 Pagesof society To what extent is Wildes play critical of society? The Importance of Being Earnest: a Trivial Comedy for Serious People is a play written by, author, poet and playwright Oscar Wilde in 1894 and debuted at St Jamess Theatre in London in 1895. The Importance of Being Earnest is Wildes most eminent work and renowned for its abundant quips and entertaining satirical views on Victorian values, marriage and love. He continuously mocks the hypocritical and superficial views of upper-classRead More Satirical Social Construct Theories in Carolls Wonderland Essay1275 Words   |  6 Pages The Victorian Era held many common beliefs that contrast to everything modern society holds as true.These beliefs ecompassed such areas as social theory, class differences, racial prejudices, the effect of capitalism in society, and the role and extent of education Lewis Carroll challenges and satirizes these social constructs in his novels Alice in Wonderland and Through the Looking Glass by the use of fantasy characters and settings. He confronts the reade r indirectly through Alice; as the fantasyRead MoreThe Importance of Being Earnest Essay1237 Words   |  5 PagesOscar Wilde is set in England in the late Victorian era. Wilde uses obvious situational and dramatic irony within the play to satirize his time period. According to Roger Sale in Being Ernest the title has a double meaning to it and is certainly another example of satire used by Wilde. With a comedic approach, Wilde ridicules the absurdities of the character’s courtship rituals, their false faces, and their secrets. (Sale, 478) In the Victorian era, courtship rituals were slightly different

To What Extent Did World War Two Help The United States Of...

The Great Depression To what extent did World War Two help the United States of America recover from the effects of the Great Depression? Nirbhay Bondili Historical investigation Mr. Lissina May, 1, 2017 Question: To what extent did World War Two help the United States of America recover from the effects of the Great Depression? Evaluation of sources Source 1: Steindl, Frank G. What Ended the Great Depression? It Was Not World War II. Independent Review 12, no. 2 (2007). Frank G. Steindl is a Regents Professor of Economics Emeritus at Oklahoma State University. He focused on the theory made by Milton Friedman and Anna Schwartz of how monetary spending helped reduce the unemployment rate of the great†¦show more content†¦Causes of the Great Depression Throughout the 1920’s the Us economy expanded rapidly and it more than doubled its wealth between 1920 and 1929. Investing in stock had gained popularity all the way from millionaires to janitors. This gained attraction also caused the stock market to expand rapidly. By 1929 production and consumption goods decreased as unemployment decreased. This trend made stock investors very concerned and nervous which made them start to sell their overpriced shares on the market. On October 29 1929 A.K.A Black Thursday over 12.9 million shares were traded that day which resulted in the stock market crashing. Thousands of millions of share which were highly inflated, now turned into worthless stocks . This crash caused many business to slow down production and fire many workers. American banks also played a role in this as a result of a banking crisis as told by Milton Friedman and Anna Schwartz. They argue that due to a result of a banking crisis in where american citizens were holding on to more money than the federal reserve could supply causing lower consumerism and lower production and employment. The federal reserve lost about 35% of monetary contraction which resulting in a 33% deflation in america’s goods. According to the Monetarist view the federal reserve did not lower interest rate or raise the monetary base for many large banks causing them to fall World war 2 America had to enter the warShow MoreRelatedThe Great Depression And Its Effects On America2001 Words   |  9 PagesThe Great Depression was an incredibly dull time in the historical backdrop of the United States, impacting all the financial assets of the American lifestyle. The Great Depression shattered the financial status of the United States. President Roosevelt has been known for sparing the U.S out of the financial turmoil it found itself in from the Great Depression. The causative components of the Great Depression are still up for debate by many students of history and economics. For some individualsRead MoreSixteen Most Significant Events in U.S. History between 1789 to 19756920 Words   |  28 Pages After a review of United States history from 1789 to 1975, I have identified what I believe are the sixteen most significant events of that time period. The attached sheet identifies the events and places them in brackets by time period. The following discussion provides my reasoning for selecting each of the events and my opinion as to their relative importance in contrast to each other. Finally, I have concluded that of the sixteen events, the Civil War had the most significantRead MoreJohn D. Rockefeller as a Robber Baron Essay3605 Words   |  15 PagesRockefeller as a Robber Baron A robber baron was someone who employed any means necessary to enrich themselves at the expense of their competitors. Did John D. Rockefeller fall into that category or was he one of the captains of industry, whose shrewd and innovative leadership brought order out of industrial chaos and generated great fortunes that enriched the public welfare through the workings of various philanthropic agencies that these leaders established? In the early 1860s RockefellerRead MoreCommunism And Its Effects On America s Freedom And Government From Communist Power2178 Words   |  9 Pages1950’s, Communism was a major fear that Democratic nations such as America were afraid of because of its radical ideas. The actions taken due to the Red Scare and the rise of McCarthyism were necessary and completely justified to protect America’s freedom and government from Communist power. With an increase of Communistic nations invading other countries and forcing their ideas upon them there wa s an uproar of fear in the United States. The Domino Theory was a legitimate fear of if one nation fallingRead MoreHerbert Hoover4987 Words   |  20 PagesHerbert Hoover Herbert Clark Hoover was born on August 10, 1874. He was the thirty first president of the United States. Hoovers Term for President was from 1929 to 1933. He was a world-wide known mining engineer and humanitarian administrator. • As the United States Secretary of Commerce in the 1920s under Presidents Warren Harding and Calvin Coolidge, he promoted economic modernization. In the presidential election of 1928, Hoover easily won the Republican Nomination. The nation was prosperousRead More Comparison of the Presentation of the Characters Jay Gatsby and Dick Diver from The Great Gatsby5279 Words   |  22 PagesComparison of the Presentation of the Characters Jay Gatsby and Dick Diver from The Great Gatsby   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  F. Scott Fitzgerald is known as a writer who chronicled his times. This work has been critically acclaimed for portraying the sentiments of the American people during the 1920s and 1930s. ‘The Great Gatsby’ was written in 1924, whilst the Fitzgeralds were staying on the French Riviera, and ‘Tender is the Night’ was written nearly ten years later, is set on, among other places, the Riviera.Read MoreThe Creation Of European Union Was One Of The 20Th Centuries3119 Words   |  13 Pagesaccomplishments. So great that it won the noble peace prize in 2012 for â€Å"over six decades [having] contributed to the advancement of peace and reconciliation, democracy and human rights in Europe.† What was once a continent torn apart by war, is now a model for peace for the world. Over a 70 year period, Germany and France in particular had fought three wars. However, today war between those countries, or any in the European Economic Area, is clo se to unthinkable. With all the good that has come from the EuropeanRead More CUBA: The Great Journey in Economic Development on the United State’s Doorstep5530 Words   |  23 Pages The Great Journey in Economic Development on the United State’s Doorstep Introduction A discussion of Cuba and the occurrences within the country over the last century is often surrounded by probing analysis as to the extent to which the Revolution of 1959 actually served as a change from past regimes. It is ignorant to evaluate the revolution in a vacuum, because past events that created the climate where such a change could take place. Yet it is also immature to state thatRead MoreThe Battle Of The Bulge3845 Words   |  16 PagesBattle of the Bulge The Battle of the Bulge started in the winter December 16th 1944 – 1945 towards the end of World War II. It was the last major Nazi attack against the Allies in World War II. The Battle of the Bulge was the last chance effort by Hitler to split the alliance between Britain, France and America in two. Adolf Hitler believed that the western sector of Europe was weak in addition, if he attacked with a successful defeat, it would break up the alliance. Hitler ordered a majorRead MoreModern History.Hsc.2012 Essay25799 Words   |  104 PagesUSA 1919-1941 Topic two – conflict in the pacific Topic three – Douglas MacArthur Topic Four – World War I TOPIC ONE – USA 1919-1941 USA 1920’S * the radio age * felt like istory had turned a corner and never going back * stock market * black Thursday November 24 1929 * the jazz age * a speakeasyyyyyyy How significant were the Republican policies in causing the great depression? The significance of the republic policies were great, they brought a lot of

Importance of Organisational Design Free Essays

THE IMPORTANCE OF ORGANISATIONAL DESIGN AND ITS IMPACT ON ORGANISATIONAL BEHAVIOUR The impact of globalization and new technologies on business environment has made it vital for organisations to constantly reassess their structure. French et al (2008), stresses that an organisation should be able to design its tasks and delegate some duties so that it can achieve its mission and vision. It is necessary to explore the importance of organisational design and how it can help in understanding the behaviour of informal and formal groups. We will write a custom essay sample on Importance of Organisational Design or any similar topic only for you Order Now Organisational design refers to the roles and formal reporting relationships that exist within an organisation. According to French et al (2008), it is selecting and implementing a structure for an organisation. The structure of an organisation is the assigned interrelationships and networks that exist among organizational resources (Schermerhorn, Hunt and Osborn, 2005). Organisational structure can be flat or hierarchical, bureaucratic, organic or hybrid. There are arguments that organisations are now less hierarchical in structure (Molinsky et al, 2012). In contrast, there are several who claim that the modern organisational structures are still very controlling with top-down power (Diefenbach and Sillince, 2011). The purpose of the organisational design is to prepare a layout for which the objectives of the organisation are achieved as it is to align with the organisation’s core competencies. Organisational design has to flexible and must be in alignment with the organisation’s strategy (Goold and Campbell, 2002). When the organisational strategy changes, components of organisation design such as structures roles and functions should be realigned to cater for this change (Corkindale, 2011). If there is a misalignment of organisation design with the organisation’s strategy, the result will be frustrating as employee performance will not drive organisational goals. Every organisation has both formal and informal structures. The formal structure represents the different types of design (i. e. hierarchical, matrix, flat etc. ) where the positions are clearly distinguished while the informal structure is built on individual associations and social processes (Mullins, 2011). This informal order cuts across the formal structure and is needed to keep the formal structure in order. An organisational structure that emphasises the formal structure over the informal structure will lead to bureaucratic and rigid organisation. Also, organisation design dictates the communication and decision loop within an organisation. Huber and McDaniel (1986) argue that organisations design should be carried with the objective of facilitating organisational decisions. Poor organisation design might lead to top management totally detached from the base operation of the business, missing out crucial details on every day realities of the business. A good organisation design should provide us with an insight into the organisational strategy, its communication and decision making loop and if it takes advantage of its formal and informal structures. Where the organisation design cannot provide these insights, it is most likely ineffective. Therefore Managers should always therefore strive to get feedback from the employees about the organisation structure and if it affects the ways they relate with one another and if it helps to fulfil their achievement needs (French et al, 2008). How to cite Importance of Organisational Design, Essay examples

Integrating Knowledge Business Management †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Integrating Knowledge Business Management. Answer: Introduction According to the case study, there will be a new hotel chain named StayTogether formed as a result of a merger of ten different hotel chains. The main reason of the merger is that the hotel chains are encountering significant losses due to the rise of numerous hotel room booking websites that book the rooms for users at a much discounted rate. Due to this particular reason, the hotels are encountering losses that they are not able to compensate for. Hence, the ten hotel chains have come together to merge and use a new system that will enable the users to book rooms online but at the same time, the hotel chain will not encounter significant losses. In this report, a critical analysis has been undertaken on the management decisions of StayTogether and accordingly suitable recommendations have been provided. The main issue the hotel chains are facing is the growth of the online hotel booking apps. Before the rise of these apps, the customers had to visit the hotels or their offices to book the rooms for the numbers of days they would live there. However, in peak tourism months, due to lack of sufficient rooms in the hotels, the customers could not book rooms and had to go from hotel to hotel to find a room. With the new online booking apps, the customers can book the rooms online long before their visit to the hotels (Reijers, Mendling Recker, 2015). As a result, these mobile apps have become extremely popular among the tourists and other customers. However, the main feature of these apps that have posed a serious financial problem for the hotel chains is the massive discounts provided by these apps for booking the hotel rooms. The discounts have resulted in attracting a huge number of customers for the tourists but on the other hand, the hotels are receiving much less revenue from the deals due to discounts as well as the service fees for the apps. Again, due to the high influx of customers, the maintenance costs of the hotels have risen significantly. As a result of all these, the hotel chains are encountering severe losses to such extent that some hotel chains are even on the verge of closing down. New Strategy for StayTogether Hotel Chain The ten separate hotel chains discussed in the case study have come together to develop a strategy to counter this problem and generate more revenue from the services. The new strategy includes the following points. The ten hotel chains will merge together and operate as a single hotel chain namely StayTogether Hotel Chain. There will be a specific Android and iOS app that the customers can use to book rooms for this particular hotel chain only unlike other commercial hotel booking apps. The prices of the rooms will be fixed but not too high. The room prices in peak months will have higher rates than usual. In order to compensate for the fixed rates (without discounts), there will be some other offers and benefits for the customers as decided by the management team. The benefits and offers to be provided to the customers are discussed below. Customer Loyalty Program Although there will be no direct discounts on the hotel rooms for the customers, the management team has decided to introduce a customer loyalty program to reward the frequently visiting customers. There will be a number of offers for the customers based on the loyalty points gathered by them. Loyalty points can be accumulated by a customer with increasing visits to the hotel chain as well as the frequency of the visits. The offers based on these loyalty points will increase with the increase in the points. At a certain point, the customer will be able to access free transportation to the hotel from the railway station or the airport. The customers bringing their own cars will be able to access the hotels free parking space as well. With even higher loyalty point, the customer will be awarded with free nights at the hotel. The management team expects that these offers will interest the customers to visit the hotel chain more often and will result in increasi ng revenue of the company. Buffet Meal Another issue the management team wants to address is the increasing maintenance and wage costs. Due to the large number of waiters, the company has to pay a huge sum on wages every year. Moreover, due to wastage of the excess food, the company encounters severe losses. In order to solve this problem, the management team has decided to introduce buffet meal system. In this system, the visitors will serve themselves and will only take the amount of food that they will able to consume. There will be two benefits of this system the total number of waiters can be reduced and there will be less wastage of food. Another feature of this scheme is that the visitors will have to pay the price of food together with the hotel room fees. The management team has also planned to keep a small restaurant area where the children, old and disabled visitors will be able to get normal restaurant facilities instead of the buffet system. Rebates The management team is also considering tying relationship with some airline companies for mutual benefits regarding customers. According to the proposed terms of this partnership, the customers reaching the hotel through these airline companies, they will get certain rebates. These rebates will be applicable on hotel fare or the meal prices. The management team expects that this scheme will benefit them as well as the airline companies. Charity The management team has proposed a new charity scheme. In this scheme, the customers will be able to nominate a charity at every visit. To this nominated charity, the company will pay 1% of their billable expenses. The expectation of the management team is that these four schemes will help them attract more customers as well as mitigated the issues of the current system. In order to implement these schemes, the company will have to do the following. Development of Android and iOS app for online booking system Restructuring of the prices of the rooms based on capacity (e.g. 2 bed, 3 bed, etc.), type (AC/Non-AC) and services (e.g. personal, dormitory, etc.) Design of loyalty points structure (e.g. 100 points for 2nd visit, 500 points for 3rd visit within 3 months, etc.) Rent of cars for providing transport for loyal customers Construction of the parking area for loyal customers bringing their own cars Application of new rebate rates Redesign of the restaurant for accommodating buffet meal system Possible Information Technology (IT) and Information System (IS) Issues Although the offers proposed by the management team are good enough to attract more customers, the company may face some serious IT and IS issues that can completely nullify the benefits of the new schemes and offers. Development of the App As per the proposed plan, the company will develop an online booking app for Android and iOS users. However, development of an app is not an easy task due to the fact that the development requires going through several stages like prototype, -version, -version, demo version and others (Botha, Kourie Snyman, 2014). Even after the full version is complete, there remain several bugs and errors that are to be removed using new patches. Again, the user interface must be attractive and easy to understand for the customers. Hence, the company will face significant challenge in developing the proposed new app. Cyber Security Cyber security will be significant challenge for the company once the proposed app becomes fully operational. For booking purposes, the customers will have to enter their personal information in the app and as a result, the app will be the target for different unethical hackers (Lee, Hung Chau, 2013). Moreover, some malwares can block the traffic on the server of the app and the personal information entered by the users will be redirected to a different rogue server. Hence, the privacy of the users will be lost unless sufficient cyber security measures are taken. Data Management There may some issues arising in data management if there is no suitable data processing system. With increasing customers, there will be influx of a huge amount of data. Manual operations will not be able to handle all the data accurately (Ferrero Sison, 2014). Hence, an automated data management system is necessary or the company will face significant challenge in managing all the customer information. Customer Care The company will also face significant challenge if there is no customer care service to address the queries of the customer. A good customer care service is an essential component of a successful information system. Once the company upgrades the existing technical setup, there will be opportunities for new business ventures that will help attracting more customers and gather more revenue. Some of the business opportunities can be automated tour guide, separate restaurant and fast food chain and others. However, in order to start venturing into these opportunities, the company needs to develop and increase the brand value so that the customers choose this company instead of other rivals of the company. Conclusion In this report, a critical analysis has been undertaken on the management decisions of StayTogether and accordingly suitable recommendations have been provided. The main issue the hotel chains are facing is the growth of the online hotel booking apps. Before the rise of these apps, the customers had to visit the hotels or their offices to book the rooms for the numbers of days they would live there. The main feature of these apps that have posed a serious financial problem for the hotel chains is the massive discounts provided by these apps for booking the hotel rooms. The discounts have resulted in attracting a huge number of customers for the tourists but on the other hand, the hotels are receiving much less revenue from the deals due to discounts as well as the service fees for the apps. The ten separate hotel chains discussed in the case study have come together to develop a strategy to counter this problem and generate more revenue from the services. The ten hotel chains will me rge together and operate as a single hotel chain namely StayTogether Hotel Chain. There will be a specific Android and iOS app that the customers can use to book rooms for this particular hotel chain only unlike other commercial hotel booking apps. The prices of the rooms will be fixed but not too high. The room prices in peak months will have higher rates than usual. Recommendations Based on the analysis of the new proposed hotel chain, the following recommendations can be suggested. The company should carefully prepare the different prices of rooms, food and services so that the customers are happy and the company itself does not encounter any significant losses. Since there will be no discounts for the room prices, the company should implement other offers carefully to attract the customers. The company should develop the mobile app by removing bugs and errors as well as implementing an attractive and user-friendly interface. Suitable cyber security measures must be taken to protect the personal information of the customers. An automated data management system is necessary or the company will face significant challenge in managing all the customer information. The company should also implement a customer care service for addressing the queries of a customer. References Botha, A., Kourie, D., Snyman, R. (2014).Coping with continuous change in the business environment: Knowledge management and knowledge management technology. Elsevier. Ceptureanu, E. G. (2015). Research regarding change management tools on EU SMEs.Business Excellence and Management Review,5(2), 28-32. Chang, J. F. (2016).Business process management systems: strategy and implementation. CRC Press. Ferrero, I., Sison, A. J. G. (2014). A quantitative analysis of authors, schools and themes in virtue ethics articles in business ethics and management journals (19802011).Business Ethics: A European Review,23(4), 375-400. Gattorna, J. (2015).Dynamic supply chains. Pearson Education Limited. Jeston, J., Nelis, J. (2014).Business process management. Routledge. Kock, N. (2014). Advanced mediating effects tests, multi-group analyses, and measurement model assessments in PLS-based SEM.International Journal of e-Collaboration (IJeC),10(1), 1-13. Lee, W. T., Hung, S. Y., Chau, P. Y. (2013). Influence of knowledge management infrastructure on innovative business processes and market-interrelationship performance: An empirical study of hospitals in Taiwan. InGlobal Diffusion and Adoption of Technologies for Knowledge and Information Sharing(pp. 152-175). IGI Global. Myers, M. D. (2013).Qualitative research in business and management. Sage. Reijers, H. A., Mendling, J., Recker, J. (2015). Business process quality management. InHandbook on Business Process Management 1(pp. 167-185). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Schaper, M. T., Volery, T., Weber, P. C., Gibson, B. (2014). Entrepreneurship and small business. Scholes, M. S. (2015).Taxes and business strategy. Prentice Hall. Shehzad, R., Khan, M. N. A. (2013). Integrating knowledge management with business intelligence processes for enhanced organizational learning.International Journal of Software Engineering and Its Applications,7(2), 83-92. Singh, H., Samalia, H. V. (2014). A business intelligence perspective for churn management.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,109, 51-56. Sujov, A. (2013). Business Process Performance Managementa Modern Approach to Corporate Performance Management. InLiberec Economic Forum. Liberec: TU Liberec(pp. 542-550). Weiss, J. W. (2014).Business ethics: A stakeholder and issues management approach. Berrett-Koehler Publishers.

The Fall of the Roman Empire Could Be Linked To Ma Essay Example For Students

The Fall of the Roman Empire Could Be Linked To Ma Essay ny Different Aspects: Army,Citizens, BarbarianismPersonally I think that all these reasons are linked and headed by thedecline of the Roman emperor. The deficient Emperor role led to the lackingmilitary response to invasions,civil war and peasant uprisings. ROMAN EMPIRE AND ITS EMPEROREver since the adoptive system which was installed by Marcus Aureliuswas never reinstalled after his death,effective leadership in governing Rome waslacking. It was clearly visible that the Roman Emperor was the backbone of Romanstability and therefore the strength of the Roman army was also crucial inensuing the empires stability. But this stability was drastically altered whencorruption and necessary errors were committed. ECONOMIC, BARBARIAN AND MILITARY PROBLEMSThe Roman Empire was plunged into military anarchy and raided bybarbarous Germanic tribes causing a major burden from an economic standpoint. We will write a custom essay on The Fall of the Roman Empire Could Be Linked To Ma specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Emperors, feeling pressure from all directions, resorted to manners whichdepleted army and citizen moral. The personal dreams of empirical leaders wasnever capable of re-stabilizing the Empire after the invasions. For instance,Constantine created a substantial field force where he recruited many regimentsfrom Germany. He greatly increased the German generals (1). Aurelius alsointroduced the German element into the Empire. He established a precedent forsettling Germanic peoples, barbarians to the Romans, in Roman territory to trysecure peace(2). He felt the only way to preserve the Empire was to host allthose who wished to live within its territory. These German units under Roman commanders did not easily fall to thetraditional Roman discipline and command. The reluctance to submit to Roman ruleallowed Rome to lose the tactical superiority that it once had and enjoyed overthe German barbarians. This loss of tactical supremacy destroyed the elite,disregarding their once owned power and thus causing change on top of the RomanEmpire elite. According to Andre Piganiol,The destruction of the elite handedover power to a new oligarchy of the newly wealthy and of high officials whocame from barbarous elements of the population(3). Piganiol continues to statethatconquered nationalities had in no way lost consciousness of their originand many were the means of resistance to the unifying will of Rome(4)Economically wise, the war against the Germans led to terrible financialburdens on the Empire. To obtain funds for the military, emperors confiscatedgoods, exacted forced labor, and debased the coinage by minting more currencywithout an incr ease in the supply of precious metal.(5) Through this thecitizens withdrew their loyalty to Rome which deeply affected the middle class. In the Piganiol essay, Piganiol clearly emphasis the fact that the Roman statewent bankrupt in the third century because it was incapable of continuing to payits officials and it was incapable of paying its armies without recourse toconfiscations,monetary falsifications requisition in kind, unpaid services.(6)Another major move the emperor and his empire introduced the citizens ofRome involved the citizenship issue. In approximately 212 AD, recruits had beenpicked from among provincials, who were attracted by the promise of freecitizenship and its advantages. With citizenship no longer necessary forenlistment, the poor, weak class of the empire were drawn to the army because ofthe weapons and artillery(7). Personally I think that the major reasons whyloser class societies were drawn to the artillery aspect of the army was so theycould steal the empires wealth. This behavior would probably lead to thedestruction of Roman cities, and destruction of farmlands and economic trade. .u53925747c5b4e34b1175a5f08813a7b3 , .u53925747c5b4e34b1175a5f08813a7b3 .postImageUrl , .u53925747c5b4e34b1175a5f08813a7b3 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u53925747c5b4e34b1175a5f08813a7b3 , .u53925747c5b4e34b1175a5f08813a7b3:hover , .u53925747c5b4e34b1175a5f08813a7b3:visited , .u53925747c5b4e34b1175a5f08813a7b3:active { border:0!important; } .u53925747c5b4e34b1175a5f08813a7b3 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u53925747c5b4e34b1175a5f08813a7b3 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u53925747c5b4e34b1175a5f08813a7b3:active , .u53925747c5b4e34b1175a5f08813a7b3:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u53925747c5b4e34b1175a5f08813a7b3 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u53925747c5b4e34b1175a5f08813a7b3 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u53925747c5b4e34b1175a5f08813a7b3 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u53925747c5b4e34b1175a5f08813a7b3 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u53925747c5b4e34b1175a5f08813a7b3:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u53925747c5b4e34b1175a5f08813a7b3 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u53925747c5b4e34b1175a5f08813a7b3 .u53925747c5b4e34b1175a5f08813a7b3-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u53925747c5b4e34b1175a5f08813a7b3:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Essay on The Life of Jeannette in The Glass Castle EssayCivil war also played a negative role in the Fall of the Roman Empire. This was made possible when emperors became afraid of their own troops and thepossible rebellion against them. Therefore the emperors to remain on theirthrone were sometimes obliged to buy the emperor powers from soldiers and othermilitia men. The lack of conventional loyalty and honor towards the emperor ledto a character change in the Roman soldier. ROMAN SOLDIERS BEFORE AND AFTERBefore the Civil War the Roman soldier was considered as probably thegreatest fighting force in all of the Western World. During the Pax Romana period, the Roman soldier used his superiororganization and training to conquer nations. He was extremely disciplined andprofessional. He and his army were literally the wall which protected Rome. Their fighting willpower would allow them to remain on the battlefield no matterwhat and how long battles were needed for victory. They would join the army atthe age of eighteen. Their recruitment was localized and usually hereditary. They were not allowed to marry while on service. Their employment includedpolice duties, checking and rounding up local raiders.(8) The army had twopurposes, first to fight wars of conquest and satisfy the emperors desires forglory, booty, and expanded territory. Second, to suppress the unrest in outlyingprovinces.(9)But all this seemed to be changing later on in the empire with theemperors change in attitude and the allowing of barbarous German tribes into thearmy. Emperors resorted first to the population of the barbarous regions of theempire regions, then to foreign barbarians. In the reserve army, the highestregarded men were the barbarians units. These officers occupied the highestranks up to that of master of the militia. With all the favoritism toward theGerman unit the Roman soldiers began to feel inferior and secondary in theirrole of defending the empire. The military commanders began to use theirmilitary troops to cease the thrown and its governing power. They began neglec ting its duty of defending its borders and disrupted the eternal life ofthe Empire.(10)Although they continued to fight in well framed units, their overallwill to train and discipline required for fighting was almost unnoticeable. Emperors continued to play a negative role in the allotment of foreigners totake control. In Piganiols essay he mentions that the, emperors disarmed thecitizens and trusted the defense of the empire to mercenaries.(11) Valens was aclear example of the corruption in the higher class of the empire. He was activein suppressing the lives of officers, whereby he defrauded men of their portions,clothes and military equipment. Favoritism towards the barbarian units of the army, corruption towardsthe state and its people, gives ample reason why such a revolt in the Romanarmy occurred. Towards the end of the empire the Roman armys qualitiesdeteriorated. The legions failed to defend borders, the army began to consistpredominately of the peasants (citizenship issue). The change in the soldiersattitude explains in the lack of loyalty to Rome and the lack of leadership inmilitary leaders. In conclusion, the Roman army defeated itself. It began as a powerhousebut by some uncontrollable and ignorant errors it collapsed. It was violatedinternally by the emperors and their soldiers and externally by the barbaroustribes. The lack of soldier loyalty to Rome, began with the lack of Rome loyaltytowards soldiers. By allowing citizenship to almost anyone it negated theimportance the higher class society had in Rome. Almost anyone could be a Romansoldier, almost anyone could have access to arms and almost anyone could usethese arms in their favor. The allowance of the German entrance in the armyintroduced doubt in the mind of the veteran soldiers. Therefore, Rome hurtitself. One does not know if it could have continued its dominance, but onecould clearly say that its dominance brought its disappearance. .uae4d3d8e083ce4fa5977536b28d90a76 , .uae4d3d8e083ce4fa5977536b28d90a76 .postImageUrl , .uae4d3d8e083ce4fa5977536b28d90a76 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uae4d3d8e083ce4fa5977536b28d90a76 , .uae4d3d8e083ce4fa5977536b28d90a76:hover , .uae4d3d8e083ce4fa5977536b28d90a76:visited , .uae4d3d8e083ce4fa5977536b28d90a76:active { border:0!important; } .uae4d3d8e083ce4fa5977536b28d90a76 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uae4d3d8e083ce4fa5977536b28d90a76 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uae4d3d8e083ce4fa5977536b28d90a76:active , .uae4d3d8e083ce4fa5977536b28d90a76:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uae4d3d8e083ce4fa5977536b28d90a76 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uae4d3d8e083ce4fa5977536b28d90a76 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uae4d3d8e083ce4fa5977536b28d90a76 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uae4d3d8e083ce4fa5977536b28d90a76 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uae4d3d8e083ce4fa5977536b28d90a76:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uae4d3d8e083ce4fa5977536b28d90a76 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uae4d3d8e083ce4fa5977536b28d90a76 .uae4d3d8e083ce4fa5977536b28d90a76-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uae4d3d8e083ce4fa5977536b28d90a76:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Teen Suicide EssayEND NOTES1) Lynn Hunt, Thomas Martin, Barbara Rosenwein, R.Hsia, and Bonnie Smith. TheChallenge of the West: Peoples and Cultures from Stone Age to 1740. Toronto: D.C. Health and Company, 1995. 2) Ibid3) Piganiol, Andre. The Causes of the Ruin of the Roman Empire. Decline andFall of the Roman Empire: Why did it Collapse ?: Donald Kagan. ED. Donald Kagan. Massachusettes: D.C. Health and Company, 1962, p.87. 4) Ibid, p.875) Marvin Perry, Myrna Chase, James Jacob, Margaret Jacob, Theodore Von Laue. Western Civilization: Ideas, Politics ; Society. Boston: Houghton MifflnCompany, 1996. 6) Piganiol, Andre. The Causes of the Ruin of the Roman Empire. Decline andFall of the Roman Empire: Why did it Collapse ?: Donald Kagan. ED. Donald Kagan. Massachusettes: D.C. Health and Company, 1962, p.88. 7) Marvin Perry, Myrna Chase, James Jacob, Margaret Jacob, Theodore Von Laue. Western Civilization: Ideas, Politics ; Society. Boston: Houghton MifflnCompany, 1996. 8) Jones, A.H.M. A General History of Europe: The Decline of the Ancient World. London: Longman Group Ltd. 19669) Lynn Hunt, Thomas Martin, Barbara Rosenwein, R.Hsia, and Bonnie Smith. TheChallenge of the West: Peoples and Cultures from Stone Age to 1740. Toronto: D.C. Health and Company, 1995. 10) Marvin Perry, Myrna Chase, James Jacob, Margaret Jacob, Theodore Von Laue. Western Civilization: Ideas, Politics ; Society. Boston: Houghton MifflnCompany, 199611) Piganiol, Andre. The Causes of the Ruin of the Roman Empire. Decline andFall of the Roman Empire: Why did it Collapse ?: Donald Kagan. ED. Donald Kagan. Massachusettes: D.C. Health and Company, 1962, p.88. BIBLIOGRAPHYJones, A.H.M. A General History of Europe: The Decline of the Ancient World. London: Longman Group Ltd. 1966Lynn Hunt, Thomas Martin, Barbara Rosenwein, R.Hsia, and Bonnie Smith. TheChallenge of the West: Peoples and Cultures from Stone Age to 1740. Toronto: D.C. Health and Company, 1995. Marvin Perry, Myrna Chase, James Jacob, Margaret Jacob, Theodore Von Laue. Western Civilization: Ideas, Politics ; Society. Boston: Houghton MifflnCompany, 1996. Piganiol, Andre. The Causes of the Ruin of the Roman Empire. Decline and Fallof the Roman Empire: Why did it Collapse ?: Donald Kagan. ED. Donald Kagan. Massachusettes: D.C. Health and Company, 1962. Category: History

Socially Just Whack! (SJW) Professor Ramos Blog

Socially Just Whack! (SJW) So there is a ongoing group of people in our online-society that really gives the human race a bad name, a bad image and a bad reputation. These so called â€Å"activist† are called Social Justice Warriors, and they go out into the worlds of Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Yelp and so on to put down the big   name trolls and get the social world back into order! But the problem is that when these warriors go into a battle unprepared, they tend to get slaughtered by the troll and it just looks like batman getting his back broken by his nemesis Bane but then getting his neck snapped and it’s all over, roll credits. If a group of people are going to do this at least know what consequences people like vigilanties face on a day to day basis which can lead to death threats, harmful acts, stabbings, shootings, innocent bystanders getting shot and killed themselves, rape, pillaging, genocide. But them knowing that probably would make them want to do it more since they are proba bly kids who are disobedient to their parents and when their parents say not to do something, they do it anyways. So what is a solution to ending these SJW’s and their crazy logic? Well I have a couple of ways that are amazing and one ridiculous way of doing things that’s also effective. So the first way off getting rid of the social dipshit warriors is to make them own up to their own words and make them have the title â€Å"warrior† added to their name and the same with the pussy-ass troll that wants to stir the pot and make controversy out of nothing for no reason, so they should fight like warriors and commanders and fight to the death in am arena they chose. These SJW’s promise warfare against these trolls and sometimes use methods such as swatting where a person calls a bomb squad to a person’s house or send malicious ware to open in a chat room or text message. So if its the warfare they want why can’t they agree to fight to the death? Why do they have to make the internet society so conflicting towards others who really don’t care about their useless banter back and forth. Why just let them argue when they can fight it out and to the death then the winner standing was the right one? That’s what we did in the old days and kinda still do now but with more subtle features. Next method is a more reasonable one, why don’t they consider their group as a political standing group and just pay taxes for their property of meet up and for having this group established? You know why? Because they won’t like to pay taxes when what they were doing before was just using their freedom of speech instead of making a conscious decision and saying this is what we believe in and we agree that our movement is helping the world so much we can pay for taxes like theses to not only help people in need in the internet but also around the real world. You’ll never hear that coming from any SJW-tard that only thinks about their own beliefs that are affected by the world. When you’re running with a one time line about something that you think should be corrected, then yeah use your god given right and use that first amendment, but if you are just going on every page and correcting what you think is politically incorrect, sorry for harsh words but get a life, stop being a piece of shit or kill yourself. That’s bitter and petty and the human race is way more respectable than that. So pay taxes and become a known group instead of a random person’s belief of nothing but try and do they right thing . My last sentence to get rid of this problem is to get a person of higher knowledge (like a Harvard graduate or Sefferino Ramos) to have the final decision towards the arguments. So when a dispute arises, there is a button that either one of the three parties in the discussion (the troll, the SJW, or someone just reading a comment) can click this button to call either one person who is qualified to be a final decision maker and he comes in to settle the argument once and for all. So the thread would stop and no further comments but the three parties will be posted while the outsiders can look in and see how the dispute is going. Now once the third party enters, there will be a wage that is placed upon their belief, any wage of choice, and the decider that is going to decide will lawfully make the wage placements legitimized through the courts and then will do academic research on both side to determine which party is right. After the decision is place wages will be distributed and who ever loses, gets their opinions and pages watched and over looked and if they share their opinion in the time that they are not supposed to then they will be fined which will help create jobs in the IT field and create more revenue for parks and recreational areas amongst communities in the USA. All in all as I conclude this wonder three idea page, to say to kill them all would be really mean and illogical to the human race, anyways they are going to off themself anywho in due time. What is being implemented is that we make them pay and help out the community by saying that what they believe in is right and they can choose to expand their ideas to people who think they are right and they can contribute or place wagers where their money then continues to play a big part in contributing to communities and helping grow more trees or something. If not they can be placed in the lions den and fight for what they believe is right compared to the lion who will be fighting for survival which is right with only using logic in the lion’s sense. Annotated Bibliography gladiator. Britannica Concise Encyclopedia, Encyclopaedia Britannica, Britannica Digital Learning, 2017. Credo Reference, https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/ebconcise/gladiator/0?institutionId=5312. Accessed 10 Aug. 2018. I use this to know what gladiators fought for. And I learned they fought for pride and self righteousness. Not because someone offended them by saying a couple of words. That would be like so he uses words I use swords and stab the SJW. Crabtree, David E. taxes. Encyclopedia of New Jersey, edited by Maxine N. Lurie, and Marc Mappen, Rutgers University Press, 1st edition, 2004. Credo Reference, https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/rutgersnj/taxes/0?institutionId=5312. Accessed 10 Aug. 2018. I use this article to learn more about what kind of taxes besides property taxes are there when creating a group or club. I learned there are a lot of taxes that starting a group has to go through and that it takes time for things like that to process. Something those SJW don’t have to make their beliefs right. Walker, Michael, and MICHAEL WALKER. Gambling. The Elgar Companion to Consumer Research and Economic Psychology, edited by Peter E. Earl, and Simon Kemp, Edward Elgar Publishing, 1st edition, 1999. Credo Reference, https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/elgarcrep/gambling/0?institutionId=5312. Accessed 10 Aug. 2018. I read this article because I wanted to know more about the gambling aspect since I don’t really gamble in my free time. And I learned you can gamble on anything rather you think it is going to land on red or black or if the sky will have a purple tint to it at at twelve midnight. Lots of things to take account from this article.

Scientific Management was the product of 19th Century industrial Essay - 6

Scientific Management was the product of 19th Century industrial practices and has no relevance to the present day - Essay Example While this theory of management had become irrelevant within the first quarter of the 20th century, many of ideas, which were proposed by Taylor, are still being applied today. In fact, it can be said that Taylor’s ideas still have a significant influence on how management is conducted, and has affected most of the other management theories, which came after it. While there are some who would argue that this theory of management is still as relevant today as when it was first proposed, others believe that its relevance is not compatible with modern standards. Although both sides have some real pertinent points to justify their claims, one would argue that despite its being effective, the theory of scientific management has lost its relevance in the current world. The way this theory was applied in its time cannot be effectively done in the current competitive global economy. The first case that one would make against the application of this hypothesis in the modern world is th at it takes away the autonomy of workers. While some would argue that the application of this theory would increase production, they do not consider the fact that, in the modern market, the availability of products in the market is not the only thing that determines whether consumers by them or not (Jeacle 2004, p.1162). In the highly competitive economy that exists today, it would be disastrous to take away the autonomy of workers because this would decrease innovation. Innovation is one of the most fundamental aspects in the modern world because it gives an organization an advantage over its competitors. Companies today are highly dependent on the creation of new and efficient products to put in the market so that they can keep their competition at bay. These companies try to outdo each other every day by coming up with products which once they enter the market, make similar products made in the past irrelevant. The ability of these companies to create new products frequently is b ecause they give their employees the autonomy to come up with ideas, which help in the development of these new products. If the theory of scientific management were applied in such situations, then competitiveness in the market would be stifled. Instead, the same variety of products would flood the market, and this would negate any need to create good quality products. Moreover, employees in companies would not be motivated to come up with ideas, which would be beneficial to their employer. These employees would only do work for the sake of attaining an income and would not be motivated to do better. Those who support the theory of scientific management would argue that it is the best because it allows for the simplification of jobs. It enables even those who are unskilled to perform tasks, which they were not trained for (Lincoln 200, p.515). While this argument is true, one would counter it by stating that the simplification of jobs is not always the best way to undertake it. Thi s is because, in the current era of enormous technological advancement, it is necessary for individuals to specialize in the use of the different technologies that are available. If unskilled workers are employed to work in environments where there is need handle delicate machinery, for example, the likelihood of accidents and damage to the machinery-taking place would be exceptionally high. The time where people

Nursing Home Care Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Nursing Home Care - Research Paper Example Background of study: The residents of nursing homes would in several occasions be sent to hospitals to undergo diagnostic tests or for acute healthcare services. In the year 2000, Carusone, Loeb and Lohfeld (2006) observed that there were about 46% of Americans older than 65 who would be in these nursing homes before death. This is quite a considerable number of the total population. Most of these long term care facility, LCTF residents would be transferred to hospitals to receive acute medical services and undergo diagnostic tests. It should be noted that these people usually would be supported in their daily activities including bathing, eating and toileting among others. Improved technology, fiscal pressures and associated services make it complicated for nursing home residents in hospitals. Similarly, the cost of these transfers has proven to be too high. There has thus been an increase concern if hospitalization services could be provided at these nursing homes. Respiratory trac t infections have been pointed out by Boise and White (2004) as the leading killer among nursing homes as documented in a Canadian study, the reason why pneumonia has been sampled in this study. The findings of this research would therefore enable nurses to advise accordingly when families of nursing home residents seek advice on where to have these persons treated. It would also enable provision of services to the satisfaction of the residents of nursing homes and their families. The purpose of this study was to determine whether in situ care among LTCF residents would give the value much sought by the residents and their families. This was achieved by identifying the experience that participants had with pneumonia and what locus of care would be preferred. The research also sought to find the differences that these participants perceived between hospital-based care and LTCF care and what would be the criteria for good care. Methods of study: In this study, qualitative descriptive study was employed. The participants involved members of families of LTFC residents and the residents themselves who had previously been treated for pneumonia. Members of staff in these nursing homes were asked to follow a pathway of treatment that would help in deciding the locus of care. 20 nursing homes were matched according to their sizes and a member randomly selected from each pair chosen to use the clinical pathway while the counterpart continued with the normal pneumonia diagnosis and treatment procedure. The family members and residents who could not make informed decisions on the locus of treatment were involved in the study’s in-depth interviews. Nurses were charged with the task of inviting participants that remembered their experiences. Participants signed consent before participating in these interviews. The data collected from 14 interviews were then analyzed by use of editing style borrowed from Miller and Crabtree. Results of study: Residents and family memb ers alike preferred that pneumonia be treated in the nursing homes as much as possible. Though the reasons for this were varied, most of them argued that nursing homes provide the much needed attention and care than in hospitals. Both parties agreed that some situations would call for hospitalization such as in cases of broken bones, fainting and operations, but not for any reason whatsoever in cases of pneumonia. The residents preferred

Assimilation of Sephardic Jews Into European and Ottoman Cultures Research Paper

Assimilation of Sephardic Jews Into European and Ottoman Cultures - Research Paper Example However, the question here is whether or not they were better received, more welcomed, and assimilated into the Ottoman Empire as immigrants as a welcomed people while being turned away from other European nations because of their non-Christian beliefs and their refusal to convert to Christianity. The books and journal articles relied upon in this paper helps piece together the information needed to begin to answer the questions posed. Those works are by Avigdor Levy, The Sephardim in the Ottoman Empire (1992),1 Bernard Lews’ The Jews of Islam (1984),2 Henry Kamen’s journal article titled The Mediterranean and the Expulsion of Spanish Jews in 1492, appearing in the Oxford University Press publication Past and Present (1988),3 Benjamin Ravid, in his article titled The Legal Studies of the Jewish Merchants of Venice, 1541-1638, appearing in the Economic History Association’s publication The Journal of Economic History (1975),4 Diane Owen Hughes, whose research on the subject can be found in the collection titled Medieval Renaissance Texts and Studies: Persons in Groups, Social Behavior as Identity Formation in Medieval and Renaissance Euro;5 there emerges much in support of the notion that while a significant number of Jews whose lives were interrupted by ex pulsion from Spain in 1492, successfully resettled into other European states, they were not welcomed into those European states as readily and openly as they were received into the Ottoman Empire by Sultan Bayezid II (1481-1512) Reliable information derived from studies that can be considered valid in support of the locales into which the displaced Jews were received and resettled, derives from records stemming from the practice of Jewish traditions like Passover, the need for and preparation of Kosher foods, and written works that suffice to make the connection between the descendants of the immigrants within the societies to which they immigrated. In each of these cases, there is sufficient evidence to suggest the existence of a Jewish community.

Understanding The Concept Of Gender Mainstreaming Sociology Essay

Understanding The Concept Of Gender Mainstreaming Sociology Essay This report is about gender mainstreaming which entered the mainstream of international public policy in September 1995, when it featured in the platform for Action of the Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing where most nations have signed the Platform. The report present the background and the foundation of gender mainstreaming and discusses why, how and outcome of gender mainstreaming application in the institution and some problems and restrictions will be presented which may hinder the process of mainstreaming. 2.0 Background The road to guaranteeing equality between men and women began some decades back, and progress was made in certain sectors of society but we still a long way far from being to announce and state that equality exists in terms of womens access too all of society sphere. Access has been restricted in areas of power or those requiring further education which has lead to the glass ceiling phenomena which still exist up to now in most organizations and institutions. There has been always efforts and progressive approaches to achieve equality for women in the society and the main concern was over womens issues and womens access and opportunity to the different positions in the society. In the 1970s, which this period called the period of individual rights women in development (WID) main focus was on how women could better be integrated into existing development initiatives and was regarded as beneficiaries rather than full member of development. This approach has relevance to women only which had the effect of isolation and marginalizing of women n the decision making. In the 1980s, which this period called the period of specific action due to the ineffectiveness and limited approach of the (WID), it became an evident that a new paradigm was needed to explain the relationship between women and men, Gender and Development GAD approach was different from WID and is it approach was: The gender is not a women issue but both men and women Both men and women have different and special needs. Women can not be treated as homogenous group. Women are disadvantaged to men The inequality between men and women is systemic and structural. Gender equality and equity in institutions and organization must be looked at with the understanding the complex lives of people and in order to have an effective gender analysis, must make a practical explaining the differences n mens and womens lives and helping to produce policies and programs that reduce inequalities. The concept of gender mainstreaming was first proposed at the 1985 Third world Conference on Women in Nirobi and was developed further by the United Nation development community and is recognized as a global strategy for the promotion of gender equality. The idea of gender mainstreaming was formally featured in 1995 at the Fourth Conference on women which was held in Beijing. The UN Economic and Social Council defined the concept of gender mainstreaming as: Mainstreaming a gender perspective is the process of assessing the implications for women and men of any planned action, including legislation, policies or programs, in all areas and at all levels. It is a strategy for making womens as well as ens concerns and experiences an integral dimension of the design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of policies and programs in all political, economic and societal spheres so that women and men can benefit equally and inequality is not perpetuated. The ultimate goal is to achieve gender equality. The importance of gender mainstreaming has been widely discussed since governments committed to the concept in Beijing Platform for Action in1995. It has become a generally accepted procedure that gender equality is a prerequisite for a sustainable human development. Gender mainstreaming is an essential strategy not only for attaining gender equality, but also for the sustainable development of societies as whole. National womens machineries (NWM) around the globe have been grappling with the complex task of turning concepts into reality to implement gender mainstreaming strategies. Gender mainstreaming incorporates the GAD perspective and aims to look the relationships between men and women in their access to and control over resources, decision making and benefits and rewards within a particular system. The system could be an institution, organization, a government or a department society. The mainstream refer to an inter-related set of dominant ideas, values, practices, institutions and organizations that determine who gets what within a society. The ideas and practices within the mainstream tend to reflect an reinforce each other and thus provide a rationale for any given allocation of societal resources and opportunities. Being part of the mainstream means that women and men have equitable access to resources, including opportunities and rewards. It implies equal participation influencing what is valued in shaping options within society. Becoming part of the mainstream means sharing equitable in the benefits of development. Becoming part of the mainstream offers the opportunity to influence who does what in a society, who won what, who has access to jobs and income, who controls the societys resources and institutions, who makes decisions and who sets priorities. Gender mainstreaming is a long term, complex and multi dimensional process that focuses on the needs of both men and women in order to achieve the optimal development and equality in the organization, gender streaming can defined as follows: Is a process or a strategy to work toward the goal of gender equality and it is not and end in itself. It is an approach to governance that makes mens and womens concerns and experience and integral part of the design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of policies and programs in all sectors of society. It involves changing policies and institutions so that they actively promote gender equality. It is a long term, transformative process that involves rethinking socio-cultural values and development goals. The gender mainstreaming involve not restricting efforts to promote equality to the implementation of specific measures to help women, but mobilizing all general policies and measure specifically for the purpose of achieving equality by actively and openly taking the account at the planning stage their possible effects on the perspective situation of men and women. An effective gender mainstreaming policy consists of four steps: Getting organized is on implementation and organization, and building awareness and ownership. Implementation and organization of gender mainstreaming refers to the process of providing a structural and cultural basis of equal opportunity. This includes formulation of objectives and targets, making a plan and drawing a budget and defining responsibilities and accountability of the different actors involved. All stakeholders involved in the policy should take equal opportunities of men and women in account. Training is essential in order to create a certain degree of gender awareness and expertise. Learning about gender differences, a description of the actual situation is essential in order to access actual gender inequality. In addition, monitoring the situation over time and making an assessment such as participation (group/population) such as the share of men and women in unemployment, among the disabled or among those with flexible contracts. Resources such as access or distribution of time, money, space, information, political and economic power. Norms and values such as influence gender roles, gender division of labor, the altitude of men and women. Values attached to men and women. It is essential to identify the role of policy measures in reinforcing social norms and values that maintain gender inequality. Rights pertain to direct or indirect sex discrimination, human rights, and access to justice in the legal, political or socio-economic environment. Assessing the policy impact is to analyze the potential gender impact of the policy with reference to participation, resources, norms and values and rights. Both quantitative and qualitative aspects should be taken account of participant. Its important to differentiate between particular groups of men and women such as ethnic minority groups, age groups, and regional groups. Its the changing policies and institutions so that they actively promote gender equality. It is a long term transformative process that involves rethinking socio-cultural values, development goals and redesigning policies to identify ways in which the policy could be redesigned to promote gender equality in the even of having negative impact on gender equality or to be broadly gender neutral. An effective gender mainstreaming policy diagram 3.0 Gender Streaming why, how and outcome: 3.1 Why Gender Streaming Gender mainstreaming is an important aspect of good governance. It seeks to ensure that institutions, organizations, policies and programs respond to the needs and interests of women as well as men and distribute benefits equally and justice for women and men. Thus enhancing the accountability of organizations / governments to achieve results for all citizens. The gender mainstreaming process does not mean a move away from specific women programs, special measures or women specific activities may still be required to address inequalities. Reducing poverty, boosting economic growth and strengthening citizenship is a proactive process designed to tackle inequalities which can discriminate against either sex. Gender mainstreaming is not only about women but it is also about men and society in general. It is also important for both men and women to feel comfortable as pat of the gender mainstreaming process and must play an active role in ensuring gender equality. It will benefit the organization directly in terms of improving its image, credibility ad enhancing their political capital. Mainstreaming can play an important role in eliminating sexual harassment and unprofessional attitudes towards people involved in gender work are series barriers that may not be easily surmountable through good augmentation strategies. Gender sensitivity and efforts to change attitudes within organization structure are vital elements in the gender mainstreaming process. Gender mainstreaming may load to changes which give women and men equal access to the operation, power and resources. In addition the mainstreaming will have a direct effect on the effective service of the organization and better distribution of resources for both men and women. It will lead also to more legal security, better democracy in that women and men are treated equally and a better grasp of gender equality policy and of the needs of those who use the organizations services. Why gender mainstreaming can be summarized as follows: Target major economic and social policies that deliver resources Make good economic sense ensuring that women as well as men are active, using full of the productive labor force. Represent a further step in the search for equality. Gender is the one of the most fundamental organizing features in society and affects our lives from the moment we are born. Recognition of male and female identities and recognizes that differences exist in mens and womens lives and therefore our needs, experience and priorities are different. Willingness to establish a balanced distribution of responsibilities between women and men. Needs determined political action and support with clear indicators and targets. Will not happen overnight, it is a continuous process. Equal division of power and influence between women and men. Women and men shall have the same rights and opportunities to be active citizens and to shape the conditions for decision making. Economic equality between women and men. Women and men shall have the same opportunities and conditions with regard to education and paid work that provide lifelong economic independence. Men violence against women must stop. Women and men shall have equal rights and opportunities in terms of physical integrity. 3.2 How, Gender Mainstreaming Gender mainstreaming in any organizations policy must first take stock to determine where equality needs to be established. We need a clear idea of the political measure for change. Previously such measures were usually understood to the promotion of women, thus the new strategy is called the gender mainstreaming which combined political perspective should then provide and idea of what must be changed, how, and with what means. All measures must first be checked for their political effects for both sexes and implemented only of they contribute to gender equality. Many measures must still contribute essentially to the promotion of women, that is, the dismantling of structural disadvantages for women, and to active gender equality. Gender mainstreaming resides in gender controlling, that is, in the analysis of each and every political activity from the perspective of its contribution to the establishment of equal opportunity. For such an analysis to be successful, expert knowledge, gender competence, and power must come together. Expert knowledge refers to knowledge of processes, that is, one must have a through knowledge of the legal, political, and bureaucratic conditions of the given field of action. Gender competence signifies the development of critical view of gender that will help to recognize gender hierarchies. Pointing out general patriarchal structures is no longer enough; rather, subtle processes of constrictions on men as well as women must be recognized. Power also means the power to define problems in any given situation by pointing and filtering out issues that needs and require action in order modify its situation. The inequalities exist in the organization is part of the domain of knowledge that would have to be made broadly available and should not remain in the hands of only a few specialists and mainstreaming means introducing gender relations in all themes and the fields they cover. A key point of gender mainstreaming is the demand that gender questions be made an obligatory theme in all areas, and a special theme for only a few. Giving this approach a political and legal foundation that is, as a measure applied from above will certainly makes things easier for activities struggling for general equality from below. But how to approach the theme, where it belongs, and how it is to be pursued remain largely open and needs expert recommendations. The different pattern of participation of the sexes in the varies departments and levels of the institution must be achieved, this apply to all people within the institutions. We need acknowledgment that unequal distributions are a problem and obstacle in equality, such an acknowledgment is relevant in identifying and applying the particular policies to achieve equality. Gender mainstreaming involves varies actions to be determined in order to formulate a policy of gender integration to achieve the final outcome, these actions include: Carefully assessing the situation of women and men in the organizing and identifying the different vulnerable groups of women and men and thats include ethnic minorities, disabled in relation to the objectives we need to achieve in our work. Determining the steps needed to improve the gender equality within the organization in order to support this improvement. Tracking the progress of mainstreaming with indicators or other means of monitoring the gender equality related issues. Raising awareness about gender equality problems, obstacles and the importance of adopting a gender prospective. Building a capacity program among the organization and partners to adopt a gender sensitive approach. Ensuring visibility of the gender dimensions of the activities in the organization with proper documentation, reports, seminars and public information materials. Sex disaggregated data and statistics Skills and opportunities to carry out gender analysis. Effective monitoring and evaluation systems and tools. Effective communication, networks and linkages Skilled human resource base Civil society participation. 3.3 Outcome of Gender Mainstreaming Gender mainstreaming was established as a global strategy for achieving gender equality, and in turn for achieving sustainable economic development in the 1995 Beijing platform for action ratified by all United Nations member states. It is now incumbent upon nation-states and international organizations to carry out gender mainstreaming and as such, has achieved widespread endorsement by individuals governments, regional suptra state bodies such as the European Union, the Nordic Council of Ministries and the Organization of American States, the United nations and its varies agencies, the Organization foe Economic Cooperation and Development and the Council of Europe. Gender mainstreaming is a process rather than a goal, where efforts to integrate gender into existing institutions of the mainstream have little value for their own sake. Mainstream gender concerns to achieve gender equality and improve the relevance of development agendas. Such an approach shows that the cost of womens marginalization and gender inequality are born by all. Gender mainstreaming include attempts to establish a gender-equality perspective across all policy areas, even where the gender issues at stake may be not immediately apparent, and where the impact of mainstreaming policy on gender relations is often indirect. Gender mainstreaming is neither conceived of as an achievement in itself nor as a liberal policy to include women in decision making roles, rather it is conceived as a strategy to re-invent the process of policy design, implementation and evaluation by taking into account the gender specific and often diverse interests and values of differently situated women and men. All accounts of gender mainstreaming imply significant changes to gendered institutions, a range of different visions or models of gender equality have been invoked. Three main models of gender equality have been identified: The first model is one in which equality based on sameness is fostered, especially where women enter previously male domains and this known as the transformations of gender relations. The second in which there is a move towards the equal valuation of existing and different contributions of women and men in a gender segregated society known as tailoring situations to fit the needs of the women. The third is one in where there is a new standard for both men and women, which is the transformation of gender relations in which there are new standards for everyone, replacing the segregated institutions and standards associated with masculinity and femininity. Gender mainstreaming is highly diverse with uneven impacts, it is situated within the development of global politics, multi forms of governance and diverse discourses of human rights. All gender mainstreaming agendas and policies must should be evaluated from the perspective of whether or not it reduces or increases gender inequalities, unfair and unequal gender outcomes can be redresses. Gender equality and justice thus rely on the creative and technical capacity of gender analysis and gender specialists in the institutions. The gender mainstreaming main aim and the resulting goal is to help to transform a society to better gender equality, the result of such an events can be difficult to identify and track. The signs of the outcome of the gender streaming may be observed after a long term and can be identified by the increase in equality and the development results may include: Womens increased access to and control over a societys development resources and opportunities. Reduction in poverty for both women and men assessed through several indicators associated with areas where significant gender gaps exist, such as health and income. More equitable participation in decision making concerning allocation of development resources that might produce results such as improved health service delivery or better access to opportunities. Improved media images of womens roles in relationship and society, promoting women as individuals with full human rights and discouraging intolerance and violence against women. The emergence of committed gender-sensitive leaders, planers and implementers, both men and women applying gender analysis to their work on a regular basis. Identification of gender focal points in various government ministries with the capacity to provide leadership and accountability. The provision of adequate resources for the collection and analysis of sex disaggregated data, particularly to track impact of policies and programming. Putting mechanism in place to facilitate regular consultation and validation of policy decisions with civil society groups and organizations promoting gender equality. 4.0 Possible Problems or restrictions of gender mainstreaming Gender mainstreaming is a new strategy which has not been a great success so far, and essentially contested form of feminist politics and policy, existing in the tension between the mainstream and interventions to secure gender equality. The gender mainstreaming in development policies has been limited by its discursive construction as well as the failure to empower key gendered actors and its development has been uneven and weakened by its subordination to other policy goals. Gender mainstreaming has been criticized as a confusing conceptual framework at best, and at worst, a force that has totally undermined womens rights. Some say that it has resulted in the disappearance of attention to womens specific needs and the gender differentiated impacts of policies and programs. Mainstreaming has been described as a deceptive simple concept that is likely to be extremely difficult to operationlize and as an extraordinary demanding concept, which requires the adoption of a gender perspective by all the central actors in the policy process. Most Organizations embrace mainstreaming without implementing the extensive ground work and structural change that is necessary to ensure effective outcomes. Gender mainstreaming has emerged as a strategy in a period in which many governments and organizations have been anxious to reduce the costs and burdens imposed on market actors. Present approaches to macroeconomics have tended to reinforce a simplistic anti-poverty agenda that is incompatible wit process of gender mainstreaming. The lack of general understanding of what gender mainstreaming entails in practical terms and a lack of access to support mechanism and the gaps between policy and practice, with particular challenges to inadequate institutional mechanism, including the area of data collection, accountability, monitoring, reporting and training, as well as inadequate resource allocation. Other factors which hindered and restricted the gender mainstreaming include: Women organization may influence the outcome of mainstreaming due to their claim that streaming is not the appropriate procedure to achieve equality and feel that their situation will even become worse than before. The policy of gender mainstreaming sometime will lead to the abandonment of specific, positive actions on behalf of women and the particular policies on behalf of women may be discontinued and the equal opportunity unit will be weakened in the name of mainstreaming. There is a far that gender mainstreaming might be an attempt to integrate womens work to cut down costs and to downsize staff and the fear of some women is that it might lead to integration and elimination of womens movement and therefore lad to invisibility rather than to transformation. Many of the initiative undertaken under its mandate fail to create and legally enforceable rights, such as equal pay. The promise of the mainstreaming approach lies not in the short term creation of legally enforceable rights, but in the long term transformation of the policy process to serve the goal of equal opportunity between women and men. Political will and leadership: Understanding and commitment from authorities is obviously crucial to creating an enabling environment for the implementation of gender mainstreaming. Formal acknowledgement from political leaders that gender equality is an essential component of sustainable development is a starting point. Policy framework: without a formal policy in place related to gender streaming, often the results will be weak and missed. Unavailable of Sufficient Resources: without sufficient of resources, the commitment to gender streaming will not be achieved. Resources must be allocated to support the structure and practice required of mainstreaming. Sex-disaggregated and data information system: Information are not available to assure that there differences in circumstances and opportunities between women and men in order to provide the basis for policy and program development and evaluations. Tools and knowledge for gender analysis is not available and missing, such as inappropriate person in key position, lack of understanding concerning national gender equality and rational, scarce human, financial and technical resources, a lack of incentives / recognition rewards, lack of professionalism or political skills within the organization who will be responsible for establishing linage with other agencies and government departments. 5.0 Steps and procedures needed to address issues in mainstreaming Gender mainstreaming is relatively new phenomena and drives from only 20 years experience and the main procedure needed to the successful polices of mainstreaming is capacity building and training is needed to ensure and enhance the system gender sensitivity and gender expertise and these include: Integrate a gender perspective into all training programs. Provide continuous gender training for all staff, including those at the highest levels. Provide special training for gender experts to enhance their skills. Ensure that specialized gender expertise is available to them. Coordinate their training efforts though a system-wide evaluation of the impact of gender training. Gender disaggregated statistics and indicators to be collected and analyzed. Information exchange on gender mainstreaming within organization in particular women watch groups. Provide gender sensitive public information activities and materials to all concerned parties. In addition all problems and restrictions of gender mainstreaming of previous section can be avoided in order to not to hinder the development policies of gender mainstreaming. 6.0 Conclusion The gender mainstreaming is relatively new and has taken a center stage in the world order since the United Nations Conferences in Cairo, Copenhagen and Beijing have created very important aspects for women equality and rights to move the International development agenda from small scale to emphasizing the importance of gender mainstreaming in impacting the status of women in economics, social and political development. The mainstreaming gender equality is a commitment of organization to ensure that womens as well as mens concerns are the main parameters of the design policy in order to achieve equality for all sexes and to shatter the glass ceiling.

legal case Essay -- essays research papers

MEMORANDUM INTRODUCTION   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  You have asked me to determine whether our client Diana Lewis committed unauthorized practice of law by providing her services. I have done research on statutes and cases. This memorandum will address the issue of this case, California Bar’s claim, and Ms. Lewis’s possible defense. STATEMENT OF FACTS   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In May 2001, Diana Lewis earned her Associate of Art degree and Paralegal Certificate from City College of San Francisco. In June 2001, Ms. Lewis opened her business to prepare legal paperwork for clients involved in uncontested divorces. She advertises her business in the Daily Journal and the Recorder. She charges no more than $75 for the complete package of paperwork and has assisted 25 clients to date.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Because Ms. Lewis’s clients are not familiar with the legal terminology and some of them are illiterate, Ms. Lewis is compelled to ask questions and hold conferences with them. The day before the client’s court hearing, Ms. Lewis meets with her client to discuss what he or she can expect during the hearing. Ms. Lewis does not accompany the client to the hearing. Diana Lewis has been charged by the California Bar with unauthorized practice of law. ISSUE   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Did Ms. Lewis practice law when she provided such legal document service? BRIEF ANSWER   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  No. California Bar could make a case that Ms. Lewis gave legal advice. But when she helped her clients with â€Å"uncontested† divorce document, she did not give specific advice by which the client’s particular legal rights were secured. She simply helped interpret instructions on preparing the general legal forms at her clients’ request. Such sales and services are legitimate. DISCUSSION In Cal Bus & Prof Code  § 6125, â€Å"[n]o person shall practice law in California unless the person is an active member of the State Bar.† Diana Lewis dose not have law school education and did not pass California Bar Exams. She is not an active member of the State Bar. So she cannot practice law in California. The issue is whether she practiced law. In Cal Bus & Prof Code  § 6400, â€Å"[a] legal document assistant may not provide any kind of advice, explanation, opinion, or recommendation to a consumer about possible legal rights, remedies, defenses... ... of law. In addition it violates Unfair Competition Law at the same time. Walter Moore is similar to Ms. Lewis in that they are both non-lawyers and provided legal document service. Also, they both advertised locally. Walter Moore listed in the phone book under â€Å"Legal Aid† directory. Here we need more details about Ms. Lewis’s advertisement such as the wordings and under what section it was printed. CONCLUSION   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  California code prohibits Diana Lewis to practice law. The issue is whether Ms. Lewis actually practiced law.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  According to the statute and court opinion, the key point is whether a non-lawyer provides advice or prepares legal instruments that would secure the party’s legal rights.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  From the fats at hand, I do not see Diana Lewis have provided individual client with specific advice that would affect his or her legal rights. In fact, in the case of â€Å"uncontested† divorce, such practice of legal advice is not usually needed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Some detail information on Ms. Lewis’s advertisement and her discussion with clients will be needed to help with her defense. legal case Essay -- essays research papers MEMORANDUM INTRODUCTION   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  You have asked me to determine whether our client Diana Lewis committed unauthorized practice of law by providing her services. I have done research on statutes and cases. This memorandum will address the issue of this case, California Bar’s claim, and Ms. Lewis’s possible defense. STATEMENT OF FACTS   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In May 2001, Diana Lewis earned her Associate of Art degree and Paralegal Certificate from City College of San Francisco. In June 2001, Ms. Lewis opened her business to prepare legal paperwork for clients involved in uncontested divorces. She advertises her business in the Daily Journal and the Recorder. She charges no more than $75 for the complete package of paperwork and has assisted 25 clients to date.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Because Ms. Lewis’s clients are not familiar with the legal terminology and some of them are illiterate, Ms. Lewis is compelled to ask questions and hold conferences with them. The day before the client’s court hearing, Ms. Lewis meets with her client to discuss what he or she can expect during the hearing. Ms. Lewis does not accompany the client to the hearing. Diana Lewis has been charged by the California Bar with unauthorized practice of law. ISSUE   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Did Ms. Lewis practice law when she provided such legal document service? BRIEF ANSWER   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  No. California Bar could make a case that Ms. Lewis gave legal advice. But when she helped her clients with â€Å"uncontested† divorce document, she did not give specific advice by which the client’s particular legal rights were secured. She simply helped interpret instructions on preparing the general legal forms at her clients’ request. Such sales and services are legitimate. DISCUSSION In Cal Bus & Prof Code  § 6125, â€Å"[n]o person shall practice law in California unless the person is an active member of the State Bar.† Diana Lewis dose not have law school education and did not pass California Bar Exams. She is not an active member of the State Bar. So she cannot practice law in California. The issue is whether she practiced law. In Cal Bus & Prof Code  § 6400, â€Å"[a] legal document assistant may not provide any kind of advice, explanation, opinion, or recommendation to a consumer about possible legal rights, remedies, defenses... ... of law. In addition it violates Unfair Competition Law at the same time. Walter Moore is similar to Ms. Lewis in that they are both non-lawyers and provided legal document service. Also, they both advertised locally. Walter Moore listed in the phone book under â€Å"Legal Aid† directory. Here we need more details about Ms. Lewis’s advertisement such as the wordings and under what section it was printed. CONCLUSION   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  California code prohibits Diana Lewis to practice law. The issue is whether Ms. Lewis actually practiced law.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  According to the statute and court opinion, the key point is whether a non-lawyer provides advice or prepares legal instruments that would secure the party’s legal rights.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  From the fats at hand, I do not see Diana Lewis have provided individual client with specific advice that would affect his or her legal rights. In fact, in the case of â€Å"uncontested† divorce, such practice of legal advice is not usually needed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Some detail information on Ms. Lewis’s advertisement and her discussion with clients will be needed to help with her defense.