Data Marts Advantages Disadvantages Essay Example For Students

Information Marts Advantages Disadvantages Essay The usage of information shops empower clients to increase quicker access to regular information using a strategy called dimensional information displaying, which enhances information for reports. For instance, since information is set up in like manner position, clients With little or not preparing by any means, can peruse an information shop and acquire data varying. Information stores can improve end client reaction time, as it contains crude information Which permits PC frameworks to concentrate on a solitary errand, in this manner, improving execution. Instead of ALTO frameworks, information shops can likewise store mocking information Which empower clients to examine information patterns. In addition, information stores are not as costly and mind boggling as information distribution centers to arrangement and execute on the grounds that specialized issues are not all that hard to determine (www. Creators. Com). Information Marts Disadvantages Alike some other framework, information shops have numerous issues including usefulness, information size, versatility, execution, information access, and combination. Since information stores can be broken into various divisions to concentrate on their individual needs, This methodology makes information access, union, and purging very fisticuff. For example, when an organization has an information shop for every one of its specialties including deals, stock, following, delivering, accepting, and creation. Joining income implication from each oftenest offices into a solitary information bazaar can be overpowering and befuddling, because of the volume of information to be broke down (haberdasheries. Com). Information Warehouse Advantages Unlike, information bazaars, information distribution centers store information in social arrangement to empower the board to get to information patterns from solidified databases containing progressively steady, exact, and subject-situated information. Information sources are represented by business rules which characterize combination methods, codes normalization, and information purging, and following Of recorded information (amateurishness. Com). The fundamental reasons for these standards are to permit clients to reference brought together information, paying little mind to their source and shielding creation information from question channels, as information is put away in isolated frameworks committed to explicit assignments including recovering information from creation sources at unsurprising time spans (womanlier. Mother). For instance, deals data containing clients Ames is purged and coordinated across frameworks by making a standard ace rundown from the sources, This method can empower clients to use the information distribution center ace rundown, as the single hotspot for information bazaars in light of the fact that the DO is the main dynamic incorporated wellspring of ordinarily refreshed data O. Waterways. Com). Information Warehouse Disadvantages Despite the numerous favorable circumstances offered by DO, it is a pricey framework to actualize in light of the fact that it focuses on information demonstrating and the executives, rather than the clients needs, subsequently, DO requires more assets, scant help lolls, and time to execute on the grounds that upkeep and backing are progressing so as to stay aware of changing business conditions.

Huffman Trucking

Huffman Trucking Infrastructure Assessment Huffman Trucking is first significant cargo bearer that has figured out how to become enormously in the course of recent years (Huffman Trucking, 2008). The organization has 925 drivers, 425 help work force, 800 street tractors, and 2100 trailers. The association offers different clients base and dissemination limit. The mission of Huffman Trucking is to build the benefit and become a developing, and versatile organization. Huffman Trucking intends to use the mechanized data framework, and innovation to give better client support and business execution. Data System InfrastructureHuffman Trucking is a significant transportation organization that has four offices around the nation. The association foreseen that information laborer data frameworks foundation requires improvement and to tackle this issue, association executed venture asset arranging (ERP) framework. The foundation of Huffman Trucking is as per the following: Networks The corpora te office of Huffman Trucking is in Cleveland, Ohio. The association utilizes Avaya Digital Phone System at Ohio and Missouri areas, and private branch trade (PBX) and plain old phone framework (POTS) at New Jersey and California locations.The association utilizes various workstations with remote standardized identification, scanner, shipper, and phone at Ohio. The area at California utilizes Nortel Digital Phone System that supports voice overIP (VOIP) associated with an Ethernet association. The utilization of Avaya telephone is extremely gainful for little and fair sized associations (Caroll Communications, 2008). System Protocols and Topologies Huffman Trucking utilizes diverse system conventions, to send and get information, as IPX/SPX, and TCP/IP. Huffman Trucking utilizes star-ring topology, and token ring topology.The existing framework of Huffman Trucking incorporates blend of systems. The association executes neighborhood (LAN), and wide region organize (WAN). The four are as of Huffman Trucking set up LAN locally and WAN backings the network of its four areas. The LAN actualizes Internet and Intranet office to perform business tasks. System Security The system security at Huffman Trucking includes backing up the information that permits duplicating basic business information. The association additionally utilizes physical security that incorporates video checking, and biometrics protection.The association created in-house framework to follow the workers for operational and monetary information. Data System Huffman Trucking executed HR data framework (HRIS) that oversees representatives at big business level. The association dissects the information with respect to fresh recruits, and existing employees’ execution surveys. HRIS gives four functionalities including catching representative individual data, keeping up state and government level consistence methods, catching worker/work relations data, and following the applicants.HRIS framework gi ves the association a focal spot to catch, access, and keep employees’ and applicants’ records. Issues and Opportunities Huffman Trucking data framework permits performing day by day assignments. The data framework gives the usefulness to conveying, accepting, and following data. The data framework additionally gives procedures to deals, administration, vehicle support, requesting, booking, contracting, general record, and finance. The issues of the data framework incorporate personal time, and off base information.The issues of data framework result into serious issues, for example, wrong finance, support logs, and inappropriate client following. These issues influence hierarchical execution, and cause punishments. The administration fears that the quick development, and the issues can result into loses, and in this way coming about in not meeting the future needs of the association. To meet the prerequisites, the executives has actualized ERP that coordinates all the procedures of the organization.ERP likewise incorporate all the four areas, and the business parts like client requesting, following the request, producing the bill, request conveyance, dissemination, and after deals administration (Huffman Trucking, 2008). Huffman Trucking intends to follow the vehicles with GPS beacons. The GPS beacons empowers the association to gauge, break down cargo conveyance, and exhibitions. The GPS beacon guarantees precise conveyance time, and following shipments in transit. The database at Huffman Trucking will permit catching, and keeping up the data at its four locations.The database will likewise bolster the laborers by giving the capacity to follow the trucks like when a truck requires support work. The database can likewise catch the data produced from GPS beacons and can assist drivers with completing errands on schedule. Huffman Trucking can utilize separation data and circulation calendar to ensure the shipments. The trucks can have planned supp ort and can stay away from issues due to non-upkeep. The database will help in looking after records, stock data, and merchant related requesting at suitable time.Huffman Trucking intends to build up a data framework, and database that get the job done the necessities. Huffman Trucking intends to turn into a warehousing conveyance provider with giving the shipments in the nick of time (Huffman Trucking, 2008). The usage of in the nick of time shipments, ERP, and vehicle GPS beacons can empower Huffman Trucking to give capacities to information laborers to improve its administration. Huffman Trucking anticipates improve profitability, better administration and consumer loyalty with its availability between locations.To support company’s development and spotlight on the clients, Huffman Trucking should manufacture a comprehension of dynamic procedure of clients. The organization can profit the chance to start a client review that permits following of requests from requesting to shipment, and conveyance. On the off chance that Huffman Trucking has mechanized procedures, and required data framework then information laborers can deal with the gainful results. Information laborers utilize the robotized frameworks viably with the assistance of better dynamic, and proper infrastructure.Huffman Trucking future approaches, plans, and practices can help in achieving the objectives and goals of the association. End Huffman Trucking perceived that association has confronting extreme issue with the expansion in business. To address the difficulties, organization has chosen to execute an ERP that will guarantee combination of business tasks. The ERP will mechanize the business forms like client requesting, following the request, producing the bill, request conveyance, circulation, and after deals service.Vehicle GPS beacon can guarantee exact conveyance time, and following shipments in transit. The GPS beacons empower the association to quantify exhibitions, and give cargo conveyance analysis.References Huffman Trucking (2008). Huffman trucking. Virtual Organizations. Recovered from https://ecampus. phoenix. edu/secure/aapd/cist/vop/Business/PortBus. htm Carroll Communications (2008). Avaya Business Telephone Systems. Recovered from http://www. carrollcommunications. com/

SIPA alumni on Forbes 30 Under 30; new Columbia Displaced Student Scholarship COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

SIPA alumni on Forbes 30 Under 30; new Columbia Displaced Student Scholarship COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog The U.S. celebrated Thanksgiving last week, and wherever you are, I hope you were able to spend some time with loved ones and eat a good meal together. Now that were back, heres a SIPA news roundup: SIPA Alumni Featured on Forbes 30 Under 30 Forbes just released their 30 Under 30 list, which includes co-founders of education-tech startup Learnabi Rahel Tekola MPA 18 and Niara Valerio MPA 19! We are so excited that Rahel and Niara are being recognized for their amazing work, especially since we got to know them when they were program assistants at the Office of Admissions and Financial Aid! They shared how they met as students at SIPA and started Learnabi in this blog post from February 2019. Congratulations Rahel and Niara! First University-Wide Scholarship Program for Displaced Students The United Nations estimates that more than 70 million people are currently living as refugees or asylum-seekers, or have been internally displaced due to wars and natural calamity â€" the largest such population in human history. Were proud that prospective SIPA students can apply for the world’s first university-wide scholarship for displaced students. Hear from Warda Sahtout MIA 20 and other Columbia University in the City of New York students about the impact of this scholarship and learn more about applying at globalcenters.columbia.edu/CUSDS. Warda Sahtout MIA 20 Upcoming Scholarship Opportunities The SIPA Financial Aid Office maintains a database of external funding opportunities, and we wanted to alert students to some with upcoming application deadlines.   For more external scholarship awards, go to our External Fellowships and Funding Sources page. Margaret McNamara Education Grants Requirements: Applicants must be at least 25 years old at the time of the application deadline, a national of a country listed on the MMEG Country Eligibility list, enrolled for a full academic term after award and not related to a World Bank Group, IMF or Inter-American Development Bank. Deadline: January 15, 2020 Boren Graduate Fellowships Requirements: Applicants must be US citizens  planning an overseas program that meets home institution standards in a country outside of Western Europe, Canada, Australia or New Zealand. Deadline: January 29, 2020 Lint Center for National Security Scholarships Requirements: Scholarships provided to Counterintelligence and National Security Workers, their children and scholars, and to advance the study of National Security, cross-cultural studies, and global understanding. Deadline: January 31, 2020 Straus Historical Society Scholarship Requirements: Applicants must be U.S. citizens preparing for a career in public service. Deadline: January 31, 2020 Finlandia Foundation National Scholarships Requirements: Applicants must be U.S. or Finnish citizens with a minimum GPA 3.0. Deadline: February 1, 2020 Kappa Kappa Gamma Foundation Scholarships Requirements: Applicants must be members of Kappa Kappa Gamma. Deadline: February 1, 2020 Zeta Phi Beta National Education Foundation Scholarship Requirements: Applicants need not be members of Zeta Phi Beta. Eligibility criteria and award amounts vary, and some are available for international students. Deadline: February 1, 2020

Essay on My Personal Goals, as a College Student - 829 Words

As I struggle threw another ten minutes on the treadmill, I’m reminded at how unnecessary that last cigarette I had was. Or maybe if I had skipped out on the last round of shots last night I might be okay to go lift weights after this. At least I’m in the gym and you have to applaud yourself on small steps, right? Looking at my life a year ago and I have to say studying vocabulary words for anthropology or writing essays on the possible origins of World War I were not activities that I was motivated in participating in. Having watched my friends start to accomplish their dreams, I understand that action is the only cause for change. In every aspect of my life it has always been ideas never attainment and that is strictly my fault. In the†¦show more content†¦As I sweated out three years worth of hard living-smoking, drinking, fast-food- I thought some slight modifications were in order. Giving up smoking was the first on my list. That first two weeks I went thr ew at least twenty packs of gum. I realized that smoking was more that some oral or chemical addiction, it was my way of â€Å"taking a break†. Whenever I was tired or angry or stressed out I’d always turn to my pack of sticks to give me the answers. Of course they didn’t reveal any truths and all I got was a bad cough. Finishing my first race was such a thrill. It was a competition between my body and mind with no one else. Changing my lifestyle has definitely made it easier to focus on attaining my bachelor’s degree and what exactly it is I want to do with it. When I was a small girl I always wanted to be a veterinarian. I had no idea what the entailed but I knew I like animals and I wanted to help fix them. Fast forward ten years and I’m sitting in my counselors’ office senior year and I’m being asked the same question I’ve always pondered, â€Å"What do I want to be when I grow up?† This time the answer is psychologist. Still want to help fix people but no gory insides to look at. In the real world, though, having a bachelor in psychology doesn’t get you very far. So with a major in social work and minor in psych I think my chances of finding a job are much higher. I’m not positive if social work is exactly what is in my cards but the jobShow MoreRelatedPersonal Responsibility Is the Fuel for College Success1154 Words   |  5 PagesPersonal Responsibility is the fuel for college success XXXX GEN/200 XXXX Instructor: XXXX Personal Responsibility is the Fuel for College Success Although many people attend universities and colleges, not everyone has a successful collegeRead MorePersonal Responsibility and College Success Essay example1018 Words   |  5 PagesPersonal Responsibility and College Success Desiree Rinker GEN/200 Professor Norma Nitkowski June 30, 2012 Personal Responsibility and College Success Even though personal responsibility varies from person to person,Read MoreGen 200 Personal Responsibility Essay1073 Words   |  5 PagesPersonal Responsibility and College Success Charles Roberts Jr. Gen/200 May 3, 2013 Ms. LaTaunya Howard Personal Responsibility and College Success Personal responsibility requires one to accept that every action, thought, decision, victory, and defeat in life ultimately is reliant upon and impacts them directly. When an individual accepts personal responsibility to be a college student, they are making a commitment to themself and taking ownership of their goals and ambitionsRead MoreA New Path For The Generation After Me942 Words   |  4 Pages As a young mother my main goal has always being to build a future for both me and my son. My main concerned is to offer my son Mateo both social and economical stability. As a daughter of parents who didn t attend college my duty is not to only make my son proud but most importantly both my parents. A career in Rutgers will not only help me achieve my personal goals but most importantly; I will be investing in my family’s future. 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It is for this reason that I would like to pursue a career in higher education in regards to the nursing profession. Assessment of strengths and weaknesses Personally, strengths and weakness will vary throughout my professional career. In particularly, developing a commitment to life long learning will help mitigate or abate many of the negative influences that may occur as a health care educator. Currently, the health care industry is undergoing fundamental changeRead MoreAsking For Help Essay1241 Words   |  5 Pagesrealize one of my most sabotaging behaviors. I find it incredibly difficult to say a three-word phrase. When it comes to assisting others, I have no problem lending a helping hand, but I cannot tell anyone that â€Å"I need help.† In writing this paper I hope to recognize the roots of my problem and adopt a plan to aid me in overcoming this negative behavior. After I took the self-assessment and received a low score in the area of interdependence, I began considering options for overcoming my hesitationRead MoreThe Smith City Tigers Prides1211 Words   |  5 PagesTigers prides itself on providing the highest quality of education. Through a strong collaboration of students, parents, staff and community, Smith City High School promotes a safe and nurturing environment for all, with the goal of empowering students to become critical thinkers and life-long learners. Demographics (2013-2014 school year) Smith City High School, home of nearly 1,300 students, takes pride in having one of the highest attendance rates in the state at 94.8%. Smith City High School

Workplace Violence And Health Care - 1641 Words

Workplace Violence in Health Care Morgan L. Hofmeister Baker University School of Nursing Abstract This research paper discusses workplace violence, specifically the nursing population. Using results from previous research conducted, negative factors impacting a nurse and solutions to this issue are explored. There is a lack of reporting causing this issue of workplace violence to be difficult to determine interventions and bring about public awareness. Looking at the historical background of workplace violence in health care settings, researching the emotional and physical effects on nurses, discovering the effects on work competency, and uncovering the facts on federal legislation of this issue warrants the importance†¦show more content†¦Besides using governmental data and statistics to compile information regarding workplace violence in health care settings, voluntary surveys are taken (Stokowski, 2010). These surveys and reports of violence are usually unreliable due to the nurse’s lack of ability to remember the incident, fear of affecting patient satisfacti on scores, uneducated on the reporting policy, or concern for questioned competency (Stokowski, 2010). It is said that seventy percent of physical abuse towards nurses are unreported and many nurses never seek treatment (Stokowski, 2010). The hesitancy to report is sensible when incidents reported reviewed are often questioned by the nurse’s actions and solutions are addressed to prevent another occurrence (Stokowski, 2010). These approaches administered by health care facilities imply that the nurse is at fault. Sadly, nurses are often reprimanded or fired defending themselves against violence (Stokowski, 2010). Physical Impact An Emergency Nurses Association study found that, â€Å"every week between eight to thirteen percent of emergency department nurses are victims of physical violence† (Trossman, p. 6, 2010). The physical repercussions of violence can include a physical injury, anger, chronic pain, loss of sleep, disability, muscle tension, anxiety, irritability, and nightmares (Gates,Show MoreRelatedViolence Against Student Nurses and Newly Registered Nurses1070 Words   |  5 PagesViolence against student nurses and newly registered nurses Abstract Workplace violence toward student nurses and newly registered nurses must be eliminated. Nursing students and new nurses are particularly vulnerable to acts of violence. This article discusses the status of the workplace violence of nurses, the effects of violence on students and new nurses, and some strategies can be used to reduce the workplace violence to nurses. Keywords: student nurses, newly registered nurses, workplaceRead MoreHaley Mccullian, Human Resources Consultant, At Mercy Fitzgerald839 Words   |  4 Pagesproblems in the nursing field involving workplace violence in the emergency room. The purpose of this report is to educate the workforce on potential causes, effects, and theories revolving around the current organizational challenge. Workplace violence is a dangerous and complex occupational hazard in today’s health care work environment. It poses challenges for nurses and other health care employees, hospital administration, unions, and health care regulators. Violence from patients, visitors, and coworkersRead MoreEssay Workplace Violence in Nursing890 Words   |  4 PagesWorkplace Violence in Nursing Professional Position Paper Nurses continually strive to bring holistic, efficient, and safe care to their patients. However, if the safety and well-being of the nurses are threatened or compromised, it is difficult for nurses to work effectively and efficiently. Therefore, the position of the American Nurses Association (ANA) advocate that every nursing professional have the right to work in a healthy work environment free of abusive behavior such as bullying,Read MoreHealth Policy Issues Essay1345 Words   |  6 PagesHealth Care Policy Issues There are many trending topics in health care that arise and affect our workplaces every day. The professional meeting I had the opportunity to attend was the North Texas Organization for Nurse Executives (N-TONE) fall forum. Several health policy issues and opportunities to address them were brought up at the meeting with the main issue to be covered in this overview being workplace violence. 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Some of the issues of the nursing profession include work place violence, short staffing and hazardous environments. Research shows that these issues have been inflating across the country, and require immediate solutions to stem this growing tide. Thesis Statement Even though nursing has great benefits such as health insurance, great pay, and the fact thatRead MoreThe Effects Of Workplace Violence On Nursing1329 Words   |  6 PagesEffects and Management of Workplace Violence in Nursing Gurdeep Kaur, Virender Kaur, and Ana Tolentino Jimenez California State University, Bakersfield Effects and Management of Workplace Violence in Nursing Workplace violence occurs due to an interpersonal conflict between two or more people that results from differences in their needs, ideas, goals, interests, or values (Marquis and Huston, 2015). 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The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) took an aggressive enforcement approach with workplace violence which leads to the issuing of eight General Duty ClauseRead MoreLateral Violence And Workplace : Essay1556 Words   |  7 PagesLateral Violence and Workplace Incivility Introduction The lateral violence comes in many forms and in many ways, such as abuse in the workplace that occur between colleagues, it can be verbal or nonverbal aggression, intimidation, bullying, harassment, discrimination, stereotyping, gossiping, criticism, and other related mistreatment behavior at work. Institutional lateral violence also happens between manager and subordinate where they can use their higher position to perpetrate assault to their

The Crucible-Theme- 5-Paragraph Free Essays

â€Å"Even the Good can be Twisted† â€Å"Be who you are and say what you feel, because those who mind don’t matter and those who matter don’t mind. † ( Dr. Seuss) â€Å"Even though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death, I will fear no evil. We will write a custom essay sample on The Crucible-Theme- 5-Paragraph or any similar topic only for you Order Now † (Psalm 23:4) â€Å"God has given you one face, and you make yourself another. † (William Shakespeare) These quotes, found throughout many different time periods of history, all say the same: â€Å"Be who you are and don’t let anything change that. † These are great words to live by, but, in time of weakness, does one stay true? Can even the good be twisted? This is a theme that is represented throughout The Crucible many times. Characters such as Elizabeth Proctor, John Proctor, and Reverend Hale had good intentions or morals in the beginning but were soon marred by protecting a lover, temptation, or the questioning of all that one stood on. To begin, Elizabeth Proctor was twisted in a way that was out of love for her husband and his keeping safe. In the beginning, Elizabeth was a character that was known for never lying. She was a woman of Salem that could do no wrong and loved her husband abundantly. Soon, though, her incorruption was challenged when she was brought to court to prove her husband’s innocence. Instead of telling the truth, she lied about the affair that John had previously confessed about. Thinking what was best, detrimental to herself or not, Elizabeth broke the one thing that made her consistent. She chose hurting her own conscience and fate over seeing her husband be punished for a crime he actually committed. As a result of this, Elizabeth’s whole character was altered, changing from a purely good woman to a liar. Simultaneously, John Proctor’s character was distorted in many ways. Even before the play began, John had broken his own moral code by having an affair with Abigail Williams. This went against, not just the rules of the church, but his own personal beliefs and everything he lived by. This caused John to have internal conflict throughout the entire play, making him guilt-ridden. This contention was only to him until he openly stated it in court to prove his wife’s innocence from witchcraft. It was a moot point though, because Elizabeth did the same thing for him, damning him to be ried for taking part in black magic. Only in the end did John Proctor feel any forgiveness towards himself. In his mind, he deserved the punishment he was going to endure and wasn’t going condemn anyone else in the process. All in all, John was a noble man but, warped by temptation, was made a man of slander. Furthermore, Reverend Hale was pushed to change also. Hale came into Salem a st ranger, but knew how to fix the problem the town endured. He never questioned that God had a plan and always thought that something was either good or bad, with no gray area in between. This thinking is challenged when Elizabeth, a pure person, is accused and then later when John confesses. He knows that these people are honest and leaves the court for a period of time. In the end, Hale is a desperate man, and even though knowing there is no witchcraft present, he urges John to admit that he is not the one that should be punished. He has to question all the rules he has lived by his whole life and pursue something he knows is incorrect. In essence, Reverend Hale is pushed to his limits and is turned into a man that will be permanently in suspicion of any standards he ever thought were true. In the end, as a reader, one is challenged to think, if put in that situation, if he or she would falter from what is right. If one would, knowing that is against every precedent and moral one owns, be brought away from all that is good and change? This play shows this theme various times throughout that the good, like Elizabeth, John, and Hale, would be changed when brought up against acting out of love, lust, and doing what is right. The Crucible is continuously asking the reader, â€Å"Can even the good be twisted? † How to cite The Crucible-Theme- 5-Paragraph, Essay examples

The Stages of Sigmunds Freud Theory of Psychosexual Development Essay Example

The Stages of Sigmunds Freud Theory of Psychosexual Development Paper THE STAGES OF SIGMUND FREUDS THEORY OF PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT INTRODUCTION Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) was a Viennese physician, trained in neurology that can be considered as the most influential of the psychodynamic theorists. He created an entirely new perspective on the study of human behavior, focusing on the unconscious instinct and urges rather than the conscious (Morris ; Maisto, 1998). Freud stressed that human nature was based more on desire than reason and ones past experiences as being the major determinants of future behavior and personality development. PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT Turner Helms 1995 outlines that Freud devised a theory of personality that can be applied to the behavior of both child and adult. Freud theorised that there are three parts of personality, the ID, EGO and SUPEREGO. They become integrated through a sequence of stages. The ID is the source of basic biologic needs and desires. As outlined by Atkinson et al 2000, the id is an unconscious drive and operates according to the pleasure of hedonistic principle which means obtaining immediate pleasure and avoiding pain at all cost. The ids force operates at the unconscious level and drives the individual to desire instant gratification. The EGO is the conscious rational part of personality that emerges in early infancy to direct the id’s impulses at acceptable times and places to appropriate objects. Freud postulates that the ego exists solely to fulfill the aims of the id but that ego maturity develops as a means of restraining the ids demands. The ego operates by the, using intelligent reasoning, it delays satisfying the id’s desires until it can do so safely. Morris ; Maisto 1998) The SUPEREGO is the center of morality and conscience which develops from interaction with parents and the demands of society, and through the ego facing the task of reconciling the demands of the id, the external environment and with the internal superego. The superego acts as an internal restraint and moral guide to the id and ego. Atkinson et al 2000 describes the superego ‘as the internalised representative of the values and morals of society and comprises the individuals conscious as well as the image of the morally ideal person or the EGO IDEAL’. Berk 2009 ocuments that according to Freud the relationship established between the id, ego and superego during early development determines the individual’s basic personality. Conflict between the id, ego and superego causes anxiety and tension. The ego alleviates these stressors by either consciously or unconsciously creating protective devices called defenses mechanisms. PSYCHOSEXUAL THEORY OF DEVELOPMENT Morris ; Maisto 1998 outlined that while treating his adult patients Freud observed that a number of them had physical disabilities and nervous symptoms with no evidence of actual physical impairment. We will write a custom essay sample on The Stages of Sigmunds Freud Theory of Psychosexual Development specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Stages of Sigmunds Freud Theory of Psychosexual Development specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Stages of Sigmunds Freud Theory of Psychosexual Development specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer He noted that through hypnotic therapy when these adults talked freely about painful childhood events it freed them of such problems as paralysis and hallucinations. Using these memories he examined the unconscious motivation of his adult patients and constructed his PSYCHOSEXUAL THEORY OF DEVELOPMENT (Berk 2000). Freud, in his psychosexual theory states that infants and children experience sexual feelings, although not as an adult would for intercourse but rather for pleasure, affection and gratification. Sexual instinct or EROS exerts a force or energy known as LIBIDO which is described as an unconscious, instinctive sex drive (Bee 2000). The libidinal energy and sexual impulses shift their focus from the oral to anal then genital regions of the body as the child matures; and represents a new stage in psychosexual development in terms of personality. The main focus of Freud’s theory emphasises that the methods parents use to manage their child’s sexual and aggressive drives in infancy are crucial for healthy personality development. It highlighted the importance of familial relationships for child development and stressed the formative role of early experience. Bee 2000 outlines that these stages are completed in a predetermined sequence resulting in success and a healthy personality or failure leading to a ‘fixation’ which is the preoccupation with a particular stage that causes distortion or disruption of development resulting in an unhealthy personality. The three stage of development are: * The Oral Stage * The Anal Stage * The Phallic Stage * The Latency Stage * The Genital Stage The Oral Stage This stage occurs from birth to eighteen months and the erogenous zone is the mouth, with the child gaining pleasure from sucking and biting, both of which are oral activities. The id is now directing all its attention to getting pleasure. The developmental task of this stage is weaning and developing a sense of independence (Bee 2000). Over gratification or under stimulation during this stage may lead to a fixation. If fixated the child could develop an oral personality, manifested by a preoccupation with oral activities such as smoking, overeating, nail biting or gum chewing. Characteristically they become overly dependent upon others, gullible and are perpetual followers; conversely they may develop pessimism and aggression (Feldman 2005). The Anal Stage This stage stretches from eighteen months to three years and the libido is now attached to the anal cavity and buttocks coinciding with the period of toilet training. The child and id gain satisfaction and pleasure from either expelling or withholding feces. The ego must step in to teach the child the appropriate ways to control these urges. They develop a fascination with their excretions, looking at it or even playing with it. If the adult expresses ideas that this is â€Å"messy† or â€Å"bad†, the child will in turn think that he/she is bad. Turner ; Helms 1995 states that the manner in which parents conduct toilet training especially the use of punishment and rewards can cause certain personality traits later. If the parent is too lenient and delays toilet training or allows the child to excrete maliciously this may lead to formation of an anal expulsive character. This individual is generally messy, reckless, careless, defiant and disorganized (Berk 2009). Berk 2009 states that conversely, if toilet training is forced or the parent is too strict and punishes the child consistently for minor accidents, an anal retentive character develops. This personality type is neat, precise, orderly, careful, stingy, obstinate and meticulous, but also be passively-aggressive. The Phallic Stage This stage is the most crucial sexual conflict in Freud’s model of development, occurring between three and five years. The libido is now connected to the sexual organs and both sexes gain pleasure from manipulating and fondling their genitals (Turner ; Helms 1995). Children develop curiosity towards the opposite sex. This stage coincides with social development involving imitation, gender-role development and identification; usually during preschool interaction. The child experiences sexual feelings toward the opposite-sex parent and wish to be rid of the same-sex parent so that they may have the opposite-sex parent to his/herself. This is identified as the OEDIPUS CONFLICT in boys and the ELECTRA CONFLICT in girls. Children resolve this conflict by learning to identify with the same-sex parent. Boys fear â€Å"castration† by their fathers for these sexual feeling towards their mothers. In this way they develop ‘castration anxiety’ and will repress these feelings to avoid punishment and reduce anxiety. The boys try to emulate their father in a process known as identification (Bee 2000). Atkinson et al 2000 defines identification as â€Å"internalizing an idealized perception of his father’s attitudes and values†. The boys become less anxious and develop their father’s characteristics and values. If resolution of this conflict is not positive boys will resent their fathers and generalize this resentment to authority figures in adulthood. Girls develop â€Å"penis envy† and feel cheated (Turner ; Helms 1995); blame is placed on the mother as she too has no penis and sexual attachment to the father. The mother is now seen as competition for their father’s affection. For resolution of this stage their attraction must be discontinued, girls seek to repress these feeling and identify with their mothers. A strong bond may still remain between the girl and her father and the girl tends to seek a husband with characteristics and values like her father. If these feelings are unresolved, it may lead to the girl becoming either a weak submissive woman with an unsecure personality or a strong, unusually seductive female. The identification process is critical. It means that the superego has fully developed. The relationship between the id, ego and superego at this time determines the child’s basic personality orientation. For both sexes fixation at this stage can result in a phallic character, one who is reckless, self-assured, resolute and narcissistic, being excessively vain and proud. This character is afraid or incapable of close love and affection. Fixation can result in sexual deviances, both overindulgence and avoidance, with a weak or confused sexual identity. Freud also postulates that fixation at this stage could be a major cause of homosexuality. The Latency Stage This stage is represented as a period of rest where sexuality lies dormant from ages six to the onset of puberty at eleven. Kaplan 1998 states the boys having repressed their sexual feelings for their mother now generalise this feeling to all females. Although, similarly girls identify with their mother, this is less severe and girls show less aversion to boys than boys do to girls. In this stage there is an increased awareness of personal identity and social interaction, especially peer group interaction. Attention is now focused on gaining skills needed for coping with the environment. The child seeks to develop character traits that are considered acceptable by society. The developmental task is ego and defense mechanism development. The Genital Stage This stage occurs from twelve to eighteen and coincides with the development of primary and secondary sex characteristics. Sexual pleasures are again associated with the genital zone. The young adolescent boy or girl turns their attention to a ‘boyfriend or girlfriend’. This is significant because it heralds the onset of mature adult sexuality, which is the developmental task for this stage. Bee 2000 states that Freud emphasizes that not everyone works through this period to the point of mature heterosexual feelings. He believed that any unresolved issues from the Oedipus and Electra conflict will resurface in this stage hindering complete sexual maturity. Both sexes will have issues coping with adult relationships resulting in interdependence on the related parent. Conclusion Stevenson 1996 states that as the child progresses normally through these stages resolving conflicts and moving on, the libido moves with the child. If fixation occurred at any stage the method of obtaining satisfaction or gratification which characterized that stage will dominate and affect the adult personality. Although Freud’s theory has served as a basis for the development of other theorist Kaplan 1998 states that is has also been the focal point for criticism. Little Hans was Freud’s only documented child patient and he was seen only once with the remainder of his analysis conducted via correspondence with the boy’s father. Freud’s theory was criticised because it overemphasised the influence of sexual feelings in development and was based on the recollection of problems of sexually repressed adults. Freud theory was difficult to relate to other instances as most of his theory was subjective not objective and scientific. However, the main reason Freud’s ideas were questioned was because he created a theory of childhood based on adult subjects and did not consider cultural influences.